Umxholo
A umzobo ngumboniso obonakalayo ochaza iikhonsepthi kunye nobudlelwane. Iigrafu zeenkcukacha-manani zifaka idatha yolwazi okanye yamanani kwaye zibonise ubudlelwane ezi datha zinazo omnye komnye. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemizobo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lolwazi ofuna ukulukhuphela, umzekelo: iitshathi zebha, iitshathi zepayi, ukusasaza iitshathi.
Imizobo sisixhobo esisisiseko kubalo. Baxinanisa isixa esikhulu solwazi kwisithuba esincinci, esenza ukuba kube lula ukufundwa kunye nokwenziwa kwedatha ngendlela ekhawulezayo nelula. Banokudlulisa ulawulo, ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ulwazi lwetekhnoloji. Njengokuba: Iziphumo zonyulo lwabasemagunyeni kuzwelonke okanye kwiphondo, ukuthengisa kwenkampani, idatha yobalo lwabantu, ubudlelwane phakathi kwesantya nokukhawulezisa.
Iintlobo zetshathi
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zegrafu, ukhetho lwegrafu oza kuyisebenzisa luya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwedatha efumanekayo (ngokomgangatho okanye ngobungakanani) kunye nenani lolwazi.
- Igrafu yeCartesian. Sisikimu esisiseko sechati. Ibizwa ngokuba yiCartesian ngembeko kaRené Descartes, isithandi sobulumko saseFrance kunye nesazi sezibalo. Ezi grafu zinxibelelanisa izinto ezizimeleyo kwi-X axis (abscissa) eneempawu ezixhomekeke kwi-Y axis (i-ordination) kwinkqubo ye-axtonal axes enqamleza kwindawo yemvelaphi. Njengokuba: ibha, umgca, okanye usasaze iitshathi.
- Imizobo kumanani ejometri. Ziyimizobo eqhutywa ngamanani ajiyometri ahlukeneyo. Njengokuba: itshathi yepayi okanye yephayi, itshathi yebhola, okanye iitshathi zesigcawu.
- Iikhathuni. Yimizobo yeenkcukacha-manani ezifaka ulwazi kwiimephu.
Ezinye iitshathi zinzima ngakumbi, kubandakanya, umzekelo, iinkqubo ezimbini ze-Y-axis, imivalo yempazamo, ukumelwa oku-ntathu, idatha eqokelelweyo.
Imizekelo yegraphic statistical
- Igrafu yomgca
Igrafu yomgca isetyenziselwa ukubonisa indlela utshintsho oluguquguqukayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kolu hlobo lwegrafu, iiseti zamanqaku zixhunyiwe ngeendlela zemigca ethe tye, phakathi kwazo zonke, ekwaziyo ukubonisa amandla angaphezulu nangaphantsi kokuziphatha kwento ngokunxulumene nolunye uguquko. Umzekelo, inokusetyenziselwa ukubonisa indlela ubushushu obuphakathi besixeko obutshintshe ngayo kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo.
Ukwenza igrafu yomgca ephepheni, ii-axes ezimbini kufuneka zitsaliwe zibathiye ngokwahluka kwabo. Umzekelo: X: iinyanga zonyaka; Y: ubushushu. Emva koko faka uluhlu kunye nezinga lokwahluka ngakunye. Phawula ulwazi ngalunye ngenqaku kwaye uqhagamshele amanqaku ngomgca.
- Umzobo webha
Kwibar okanye kwiitshathi zekholamu, ixabiso ngalinye kwi-X axis lihambelana nexabiso kwi-Y axis ebeka ubude bekholamu. Zibaluleke kakhulu ngokuthelekisa ubukhulu. Umzekelo, inani labemi besixeko linokumelwa ngokweminyaka yobudala.
Ukwenza igrafu yomgca, ii-axes ezimbini kufuneka zitsaliwe zibanike amagama ngokwahluka abakubonayo. Umzekelo: X: uluhlu lobudala; Y: inani labemi. Emva koko ngenisa uluhlu kunye nesikali somahluko ngamnye kwaye uzobe imivalo yokujoyina ulwazi kuzo zombini izinto eziguquguqukayo.
- Itshathi yephayi
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yitshathi yepayi, ibonisa ukuhanjiswa kwetotali enikiweyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Isixhobo esixabisekileyo samatyala apho i-absolute isaziwa khona, kwaye okubalulekileyo kukwazi indlela eyahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo aliqela. Umzekelo, ipesenti yevoti ethe yafunyanwa iqela ngalinye lezopolitiko kunyulo inokumelwa.
Ukwenza itshathi yepayi kufuneka uzobe isangqa nekhampasi. Zoba irediyo yesangqa kunye neprosesa ukubala ezi datha zilandelayo. Faka umbala kwisahlulo ngasinye sekhekhe.
- Sasaza iyelenqe
Isetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko zezibini ezi-odoliweyo, ngenjongo yokwazi uhlobo lobudlelwane obusekwe phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Lonke ulwalamano oluqwalaselweyo phakathi kokungafani kwe-axis enye kunye nolunye lumelwe ngamanqaku, kwaye kuthelekiswa notyekelo oluthile. Apha, xa kuthelekiswa nomgaqo oqhelekileyo. Ingasetyenziselwa, umzekelo, kulawulo lomgangatho wemveliso ethile.
- Itshati yendawo emileyo
Isetyenziselwa iimeko apho ufuna ngaxeshanye ukugubungela umsebenzi odidi lweetshathi zekholamu (thelekisa ubukhulu bebonke) kunye neetshathi zepie (bonisa ukuhanjiswa kwenani elaziwayo). Ngaxeshanye ezi zinto zimbini zenziwe, zibonisa ukuhanjiswa koxande endaweni yesangqa.
Olu hlobo lwegrafu lunokusetyenziswa, umzekelo, kwigrafu veki nganye, yokuthengisa rhoqo ngenyanga okanye yonyaka yemveliso ethile.
- Igrafu yokuhla enyuka
Olu hlobo lwegrafu lusetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubukhulu kodwa kunye notshintsho abanalo, kunye nokuvezwa kwabo kukugqibela kulungiso. Ubude bomgca yinto echaza oko kuguquka.
Igrafu yokuhla enyuka isetyenzisiwe, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwiigrafu eziguqukayo kwintengiso yezoqoqosho.
- Umzobo wesigcawu
Ziqhelekile kumatyala ohlalutyo lweziphumo, apho umahluko ngamnye ubuninzi. Inani lejiyometri lenziwa ngeendlela ezigqithileyo njengoko kukho izinto ezinokuthelekiswa kunye namanqaku amaxabiso aziwayo ahlanganisiweyo.
Olu hlobo lwegrafu lunokusetyenziswa, umzekelo kule meko, ukuzoba inani lokuthunyelwa kwemveliso kwamanye amazwe ngo-2011 nango-2012 eFrance, eBrazil, eUnited States, eChina, eJapan naseJamani.
- Itshathi yebha edibeneyo
Kwitshathi yebar ehlanganisiweyo, itshathi enye yeebar isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Kwixabiso ngalinye lika "x" kukho amaxabiso aliqela ka "y". Kufuneka yenziwe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo enemibala eyahlukeneyo, kwaye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba apha inani lilonke alidli ngokubonwa ngokuchanekileyo ngokudibanisa iindidi, kunjalo kwiindawo ezixineneyo.
Olu hlobo lwegrafu lunokusetyenziselwa igrafu, umzekelo kule meko, inani labasetyhini kunye nelamadoda lahlulwe ngokobudala beminyaka kwindawo ethile. Le grafu isivumela ukuba silinganise izinto ezimbini ngexesha elinye (amadoda nabasetyhini).
- Itshathi yePyramidi
Itshathi yephiramidi ivumela ukubonisa ngaxeshanye ukuphindaphinda kokungafani okuthile kwabasetyhini nakumadoda (umzekelo, ubudala). Njengoko usenyuka, amaza ayancipha kwaye igrafu ithatha ubume bepiramidi.
Isetyenziswa rhoqo ukulahla iziphumo zobalo lwabantu.
- Rhoqo ipholigoni
Ikuvumela ukuba uchaze imeko yehlabathi ngokujoyina i-midpoints zamaza esithuba ngasinye kwigrafu yebar (amanqaku eklasi).
Zenziwe nge-frequency histogram (iikholamu ezime nkqo). Zixhaphake kakhulu kwizenzululwazi zomntu nezentlalo kunakwisayensi yendalo kunye ngqo.
- Iikhathuni
Yimizobo eyenziwe kwimephu. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamanqaku okanye izikhombisi ziyasetyenziswa ezibonisa iziphumo kwimeko ethile okanye kumnyhadala.
Umzekelo: ukuvota konyulo lukamongameli ngokwengingqi okanye isithili.
- Qhubeka ne: Vector kunye nobungakanani be-scalar
