Umxholo
A isiseko samachiza kuko konke oko Into inyibilika ikhupha ion zehydroxyl (OH–). Iziseko zeekhemikhali zikwabizwa ngokuba ziialkali, kuba ngokwahlula kunye nokukhupha amaqela ehydroxyl, pH Izisombululo ziyanda, oko kukuthi, isisombululo siba yialkaline. Oku kuyaphikisana nento eyenzekayo xa i- asidi, kuba kwimeko apho i-pH iyancipha kwaye isisombululo siba yi-asidi.
Inkqubo ye- iziseko banomdla okrakra. Emva kokunyibilika, izisombululo ezibangelwe kukuqhuba umbane (ngenxa yobukho be-ion) kunye zihlala zinoburhalarhume kwaye ziyacaphukisa kulusu kunye nezinye izicubu zomntu nezilwanyana.
Iziseko zithomalalisa iiasidi, zihlala zenza iityiwa. Izisombululo zealkaline zihlala ziziva zimtyibilizi okanye zithambe isepha; Oku kuyenzeka kuba bavelisa kwangoko isaponification ye- amafutha zikhona ebusweni besikhumba.
Inkqubo ye- ukunyibilika kwehydroxides kuxhomekeke kwisinyithi: Ezo zeqela (I) zezona zinyibilikayo emanzini, kwelinye icala, iihydroxides zezinto ezinedigri ye-oxidation (II) azinyibiliki kakhulu kwaye ezo ze-oxidation (III) okanye (IV) ziphantse zanyibilika . IiAmines kunye neziseko zeasidi yeicicic zezona zisasazeke kwiziseko zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweziseko
Isodiyam hayidroksayidi isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino: yinto ebizwa njalo isoda ebabayo. Ekwenziweni kwe- isepha Amafutha ezilwanyana okanye emifuno ayasetyenziswa, aphekwa nawo hayidroksayidi isodiyam, ngenxa yoko isodium stearate yenziwa.
Isodiyam hayidroksayidi ikwasetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwezicoci ze-oveni, ekwenziweni kwempompo yamaphepha kunye nezinye abacoci bendlu. Esinye isiseko esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yi-calcium hydroxide, eyi lamoni off esetyenziselwa ulwakhiwo.
Imizekelo yeziseko zamachiza
| Isodiyam hayidroksayidi (into ebangela isoda) | UAniline |
| Isiseko sikaSchiff | IGuanine |
| ikhalsiyam hayidroksayidi (ikalika) | IPyrimidine |
| potassium hayidroksayidi | ICytosine |
| barium hayidroksayidi | Adenine |
| i-magnesium hydroxide (ubisi lwe-magnesia) | zinc hayidroksayidi |
| Amoniya | ihydroxide yobhedu |
| Isepha | intsimbi hayidroksayidi |
| Isicoci | titanium hayidroksayidi |
| Iquinine | i-aluminium hydroxide (i-antacid) |
