Imizekelo ye-Ductile Materials - I-Encyclopedia

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Imizekelo yezixhobo zeductile
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Inkqubo ye- izinto zeductile Zizo ezinokukwazi ukwenza iplastiki kunye nozinzo oluzinzileyo, ngaphandle kokophula okanye ukophula ulwakhiwo lwayo, ebusweni bezenzo ezomeleleyo zamandla. Ngapha koko, uphawu lwazo kukuba ngokusebenzisa imicu yoxinzelelo lwexesha elide okanye imisonto enobungakanani obuncinci kodwa kwafunyanwa uhlobo olunye.

Izinto ze-Ductile zichasene ngqo izinto brittle. Kodwa akufuneki baphazanyiswe kunye izinto oluthambileyo.

Oku akuthethi ukuba i-ductile materials ayinakuphuka; eneneni, bayakwenza oko, kodwa emva kokuba behlelwe ziziphene ezidumileyo. Kwaye ayithethi ukuba izinto ze-ductile zithambile; amandla ayimfuneko ekuguqulweni kwayo ayathatheka, kwaye ebusweni bemikhosi ebuthathaka kuya kuba njalo nokutshintsha kwayo kobume, ihlala ilastiki kwaye ibuyela umva.

Inkqubo ye- ukulungiswa kwezinto zeductile, ukongeza, inokunyuswa kubukho be kushushu, ngaphandle kokufikelela kwimida ye- Ityhidiwe, kwaye ngokungathanga ngqo ilinganiswa nokomelela, ngakumbi kwizinyithi. Ezi zokugqibela zezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ze-ductile, kuba zabo iiathom Ziqwalaselwe ngendlela enokuthi zityibilike ngaphezulu kwenye, zivumele ukuveliswa kweentambo kunye nemisonto yobukhulu obahlukeneyo.

Izinto ze-Ductile zixabisiwe kwi icandelo lezentsimbi kunye nokwenza izixhobonjengoko banokuthatha iimilo ezithile ngaphambi kokuba baphule. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyanzeliswa okuphindaphindiweyo kuya kukhokelela kwi ukudinwa intsimbi kunye nokwaphuka kwayo, oku kungqinwa kukwanda kweqondo lobushushu kwindawo apho amandla okukhubazeka achaphazela khona.

Imizekelo yezixhobo zeductile

Isinyithi. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yintsimbi kwaye imelwe luphawu lwekhemikhali u-Fe, yinto yesine eyona nto ininzi kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kunye neyona ndawo ininzi kubunzima beplanethi kuba isiseko seplanethi senziwe nge-iron kunye ne-nickel imeko engamanzi, ethi xa ishukuma ivelise umazibuthe onamandla. Sisinyithi esingwevu, esino-malleable esinezixhobo zemagnethi kunye nobulukhuni obugqithisileyo kunye noxinano. Ke ngoko, kwimeko yayo esulungekileyo, le yokugqibela iyayithintela ekubeni luncedo, ngoko ke idityaniswa nekhabhoni ukufumana usapho lweentsimbi, oluthi ngokwenxalenye yeli nqaku langoku lube ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-ductile kwaye ngaphezulu okanye kancinci ukumelana.
Imithi. Ingumdalo ohambelana nezinto eziphilayo, kuxhomekeke kubunjani bayo kunye nepesenti yokufuma okukuyo, kunye nendawo yamaqhina ayiqulathileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni imicu imicu, inokuvulwa ngokulula yimikhosi ejonge kwingqolowa yayo.
Isinyithi. Eli gama libizwa a umxube yentsimbi nekhabhon (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2.14%) evelisa izinto ezomeleleyo kunye ne-ductile, ngakumbi xa zidityaniswe ne-boron ukwenza iingcingo zobulukhuni obungaphezulu kunye ne-ductility ephezulu kakhulu, okanye intsimbi eyenziwe ngamazinki esetyenziswa kwicandelo lokwakha. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukumelana nobunzima ngaphandle kokuqhekeka ikhonkrithi, kodwa ukuvumela ukusilela okuncinci ngokobungakanani besisindo.
Izinki. IZinc (Zn), into ebalulekileyo ebomini, kuyo imeko ecocekileyo Ine-ductility ephezulu kunye nokuthamba, ngenxa yoko kunokwenzeka ukuba uyiqengqele kwiimakhishithi, uxinzelelo kunye nokukhubazeka, kodwa ubukho bezinto ezingcolisayo ezincinci ezivela kwezinye izinto zanele ukuyenza ibe brittle kwaye ibuthathaka. Kubalulekile kwii-alloys ezinjengezo ziveliswa ngobhedu.
INkokeli. Into ebuntsimbi yetafile yamaxesha, kunye nesimboli Pb, yayingaziwa ngelo xesha njengesinyithi ngenxa yokuqaqamba kwemolekyuli yayo. Sisinyithi esinzima, esingwevu, esiguquguqukayo kwaye esinyibilika ngokulula. Isetyenziswa namhlanje njengesigqubuthelo sentambo, kuba i-ductility yayo eyahlukileyo iyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu, njengoko inokunatyiswa ukuze ihambelane neemfuno zokugutyungelwa.
Ubhedu. ICopper (70%) kunye ne-zinc (30%) ingxubevange, ebonakaliswa kukuhamba kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu okwenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokwenziwa kwezikhongozeli kunye nezikhongozeli, kunye nezixhobo ezingadingi bunzima obukhulu. Xa idityaniswe netoti yenza ukuba inganyangeki oxide kunye ne-saltpeter, ngaphandle kokuba ibhetyebhetye.
Iplastiki. I-ductile kakhulu, le nto yeplastiki yenziwe ngecalcium, i-petroleum jelly kunye ne-aliphatic compounds, yaqanjwa ngo-1880. Ngokwesiqhelo yenziwe ngemibala kwaye inxulunyaniswa nehlabathi lokufunda kwabantwana, ibonakaliswa kukukwazi ukukhubazeka ngaphandle kokophula, ivumela umsebenzi wayo olula ngezandla., izixhobo okanye naluphi na uhlobo lobuso.
Ubhedu. ICopper (Cu) yintsimbi eqaqambileyo eguqukileyo yentsimbi, yona kunye negolide kunye nesilivere abaqhubi abangcono umbane wentsimbi.Ngesi sizathu, sisinyithi esikhethiweyo xa usakha iintambo zombane kunye nezinto zombane kunye nezinto ze-elektroniki, kuba ikwonga ezoqoqosho, ibhetyebhetye kwaye iductile.
IPlatinam. Esi sinyithi sinzima, singenakulinganiswa kwaye singumbala omhlophe-esimhlophe sentsimbi sixabisiwe kwizinto zokuhombisa kunye neelabhoratri njengokumelana nokubola kunye nokuxabiseka kwindalo. Kuqhelekile ukufumana iplatinam (Pt) kwizongezo ezincedisayo zeemoto, abafowunelwa ngombane kunye nezinye iintlobo zezicelo ezisebenzisa ukuxhathisa kwazo.
Ialuminiyam. I-Aluminium (Al) yinto engeyiyo i-ferromagnetic metallic element kunye neyesithathu exhaphakileyo kumhlaba. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwifayile ye- ishishini kwezinto, nangona inokutsalwa njengetsimbi kuphela kwi-bauxite, ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezinjengezantsi mninzi, Ukuqhuba okuphezulu kobushushu nombane, ukumelana nokubola okuphezulu, iindleko zoqoqosho kunye nokuhambelana. Ngesi sizathu kuyeyona isinyithi sisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nesinyithi, kwinkulungwane yama-20. Nangona i-ductility yayo yendalo ibonakala ingagqithisanga, kwii-alloys zesiseko lo mlingiswa uyaqiniswa, kunye nokuxhathisa koxinzelelo kunye nokubola, kuhlala kufakwa iSilicon (5 ukuya kwi-12%) kunye nemagnesium.