UIsaac Newton (1642-1727) wayengusosayensi wase-Bhritane, ingcali yezibalo, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi owenza igalelo elikhulu kwezenzululwazi. Uthathwa njengenye yezona ngqondi zibalaseleyo kwimbali yehlabathi.
UNewton ugqwesile kwicandelo le-physics, imathematics, optics nakwisayensi yeenkwenkwezi. Ukufumanisa kwakhe kwatshintsha indlela yokwazi nokuqonda indalo iphela. Phakathi kwezinto eziphambili ezifunyanisiweyo zezi: imithetho yokuhamba, umthetho womxhuzulane kwindalo iphela kunye ithiyori yombala.
UNewton wayeyinxalenye yohlaziyo lwenzululwazi olwaqala kuTshintsho lwezifundo kunye nokufunyanwa kwesazi ngeenkwenkwezi uNicolás Copernicus. Oku kwaqhubeka nokuvela kwayo kunye negalelo likaJohannes Kepler, uGalileo Galilei; emva koko kunye noIsaac Newton. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, uAlbert Einstein wathatha uninzi lweembono zakhe wakhulisa izinto ezinkulu.
- Inokukunceda: Uhlaziyo lwenzululwazi
- Imithetho yokunyuswa kukaNewton
Imithetho yesindululo yenziwa ngu-Isaac Newton emsebenzini wakhe: Ifilosofi yendalo yesiseko semathematika (1687). Le mithetho yabeka isiseko sokuqonda okuguqukayo koomatshini bamandulo, isebe le-physics elifunda ngokuziphatha kwemizimba xa liphumle okanye lihamba ngesantya esisezantsi (xa kuthelekiswa nesantya sokukhanya).
Imithetho icacisa ukuba nasiphi na isindululo somzimba siphantsi kwemithetho emithathu ephambili:
- Umthetho wokuqala: Umthetho we-inertia. Wonke umzimba uhlala ukwindawo yokuphumla ngaphandle kokuba kukho omnye umkhosi onika uxinzelelo kuwo. Njengokuba: Ukuba isithuthi simisiwe kwaye injini icinyiwe, siya kuhlala simisiwe ngaphandle kokuba kukho into eshukumayo.
- Umthetho wesibini: Umgaqo osisiseko weentshukumo. Amandla asebenza emzimbeni alingana nokukhawulezisa aya kuba nawo. Njengokuba: Ukuba umntu ukhaba ibhola, ibhola iya kuqhubela phambili ngakumbi amandla asetyenziselwa ukukhaba.
- Umthetho wesithathu: Umthetho wezenzo kunye nokuphendula. Xa amandla athile enyanzeliswa kwinto (kunye okanye ngaphandle kokuhamba), inenani elifanayo lamandla kwinto yokuqala. Njengokuba: SUkuba umntu ngengozi ungqubane nodonga, udonga lwenza amandla afanayo kumntu njengoko besenza udonga.
- Umthetho womxhuzulane
Umthetho womxhuzulane waphakanyiswa nguNewton kwaye uchaza unxibelelwano lomxhuzulane phakathi kwemizimba eyahlukeneyo enobunzima. INewton ibisekwe kwimithetho yakhe yesindululo yokuphikisa ukuba amandla omxhuzulane (amandla emizimba emibini atsala omnye nomnye) ahambelana: nomgama phakathi kwala mizimba mibini kunye nobunzima bomzimba ngamnye. Ke ngoko, amandla omxhuzulane alingana nemveliso yezihlwele ezahlulwe ngumgama phakathi kwazo ophindwe kabini.
- Ubume bokukhanya bokukhanya
Ngokungena kwicandelo lokukhanya, uNewton wabonisa ukuba ukukhanya akuqulathwanga ngamaza (njengoko bekukholelwa njalo) kodwa ngamasuntswana (awabiza ngokuba zii-corpuscle) aphoswe ngesantya esikhulu kwaye kumgca othe ngqo ovela emzimbeni okhupha ukukhanya. Le ngcamango yavezwa nguNewton kwincwadi yakhe: Ukukhanya apho efunda ukuphinda akhuphe, ukubonakalisa kunye nokusasaza ukukhanya.
Nangona kunjalo, ithiyori yakhe yanyanzeliswa ngenxa yethambo lokukhanya kwelanga. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 kuphela (kunye nenkqubela phambili kubuchwephesha be-quantum) kwaba nakho ukucacisa imeko yokukhanya njenge-particle, kwezinye iimeko, kwaye njengamaza, kwezinye iimeko.
- Ithiyori yombala
Umnyama wawuyenye yezona zinto zakha zanzima kubantu bexesha likaNewton. Le nzulu-lwazi yafumanisa ukuba ukukhanya okuvela elangeni njengokukhanya okumhlophe kubola kwayimibala eyahlukeneyo eyenza umnyama.
Wayijonga esebenzisa i-prism kwigumbi elimnyama. Wayeka isibane sokukhanya sidlule kutyekelo oluthile ngomngxuma. Oku kungene ngobunye bobuso beprism kwaye kwahlulwa kwayimibala enemibala eneeengile ezahlukeneyo.
UNewton wasebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba yidiski kaNewton, isangqa esinamacandelo apeyintwe obomvu, orenji, tyheli, luhlaza, umbala obovu, bhlowu nemfusa. Ngokujikeleza idiski ngesantya esiphezulu, imibala idibanisa ukwenza imhlophe.
- Iteleskopu yaseNewtonian
Ngomnyaka we-1668, uNewton wazisa i-telescope yakhe ebonisa i-concave kunye ne-convex mirror. Kude kube lelo xesha, izazinzulu bezisebenzisa iiteleskopu ezilahlayo, ezidibanisa iiprism kunye neelensi ukuze zikwazi ukukhulisa umfanekiso ukuze ziqwalasele kude.
Nangona wayengengowokuqala ukusebenza nolu hlobo lweteleskopu, utyholwa ngokugqibezela isixhobo kunye nokusebenzisa izipili.
- Ubume boMhlaba
Kude kube lelo xesha, kwaye ngenxa yamagalelo kunye nokufumanisa kukaNicolás Copernicus noGalileo Galilei, bekukholelwa ukuba uMhlaba yindawo egqibeleleyo.
Ngokusekwe kwinto yokuba umhlaba ujikeleza kwi-axis yawo kunye nomthetho womxhuzulane, uNewton wasebenzisa imathematics kwaye wathatha umgama ukusuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ukuya embindini wawo. Ufumanise ukuba le milinganiselo yahlukile (ububanzi bekhweyitha bude kunobubanzi bepali ukuya kwipali) kwaye wafumanisa ubume be-oval bomhlaba.
- Isantya sesandi
Ngo-1687 uNewton wapapasha ithiyori yakhe yesandi: Ifilosofi Naturalis Principia iMathematica, apho athi isantya sesandi asixhomekekanga kubunzulu baso okanye kubuninzi baso, kodwa kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zolwelo ohamba kulo. Njengokuba: Ukuba isandi sikhutshwa phantsi kwamanzi siya kuhamba ngesantya esahlukileyo kunokuba sikhutshwe emoyeni.
- Umthetho wokuhanjiswa kwethermal
Okwangoku kwaziwa njengomthetho kaNewton wokupholisa, lo mthetho uthi ilahleko yobushushu efunyanwa ngumzimba ilingana nokwahluka kobushushu obukhoyo phakathi kwaloo mzimba kunye nommandla owujikelezileyo.
Njengokuba: OKANYEIkomityi yamanzi ashushu iya kuphola ngokukhawuleza kubushushu begumbi obuli-10 ° kunakwigumbi lobushushu elingu-32 °.
- Ukubala
UNewton uxakeke kubalo olungenasiphelo. Ubize oku kubala okuguqukayo (oko namhlanje sikubiza ngokuba sisiphumo), isixhobo esinceda ukubala iindlela kunye neejika. Ekuqaleni kuka-1665 wafumanisa i-theorem ye-binomial theorem kwaye waqulunqa imigaqo-nkqubo yokwahlula kunye nokudibanisa ukubala.
Nangona uNewton wayengowokuqala ukwenza ezi zinto, yayisisazi sezibalo saseJamani, uGottfried Leibniz, owathi, akufumanisa ezi zibalo ngokwakhe, wazipapasha phambi koNewton. Oku kwabenza baba nempikiswano engazange iphele de kwasweleka uNewton ngo-1727.
- Amaza
Kumsebenzi wakhe: Ifilosofi Naturalis Principia MathematicaUNewton uchaze ukusebenza kwamaza njengoko sisazi namhlanje. Ufumanise ukuba utshintsho kumaza lubangelwe ngamandla omxhuzulane abangelwa liLanga neNyanga eMhlabeni.
- Qhubeka: Igalelo likaGalileo Galilei
