Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- Iipholima Ziimolekyuli ezinkulu (ii-macromolecule) ezenziwe kukumanyana kweemolekyuli ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba zii-monomers. IiMonomers zidityanisiwe omnye komnye ngeebhondi ezihlangeneyo.
Iipolymers zibaluleke kakhulu, kuba ezinye zizalisekisa imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, umzekelo: Iiproteni, iDNA. Uninzi lwazo lukhona kwindalo nakwizinto zonke ezisingqongileyo, umzekelo: iplastiki kwinto yokudlala; irabha kumavili emoto; uboya kwi sweta.
Ngokwemvelaphi yabo, iipolymers zinokuhlelwa njenge: zendalo, ezinje ngesitashi okanye iselulosi; semisynthetics, ezifana nitrocellulose; kunye nezinto ezingezizo, ezinjengeyiloni okanye i-polycarbonate. Ukongeza, ezi polymers zinokuhlelwa ngokwendlela yokwenza i-polymerization (inkqubo yokuba ii-monomers zihambe zenze ikhonkco kwaye zenze ipolymer), ngokobume bazo bemichiza nangokokuziphatha kwabo kobushushu.
Iindidi zePolymer
Ngokwemvelaphi yayo:
- Iipholima zendalo. Zizo ezo polymers ezifumaneka kwindalo. Njengokuba: I-DNA, isitashi, isilika, iiproteni.
- Iipholima ezingezizo. Zizo ezo polymers ezenziwe ngumntu ngokusetyenziswa kweefemom monomers. Njengokuba: iplastiki, iintsinga, irabha.
- Iipholima ezinokwenziwa. Zizo ezo polymers ezifumaneka ngokuguqula iipolymers zendalo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zeekhemikhali. Njengokuba: I-etonite, i-nictrocellulose.
- Landela kwi: Iipholima zendalo kunye nezendalo
Ngokwenkqubo yokupolima:
- Ukongezwa. Uhlobo lwe-polymerization olwenzeka xa ubunzima beemolekyuli zepolymer bubuninzi obuninzi bobunzima be-monomer. Njengokuba: IVinyl chloride.
- Ukuxinana. Uhlobo lwe-polymerization olwenzeka xa ubunzima beemolekyuli zepolymer bungafani nobuninzi be-monomer, oku kuyenzeka kuba kumanyano lwee monomers kukho ilahleko yamanzi okanye imolekyuli ethile. Njengokuba: abicah.
Ngokubumba kwayo:
- Iipholima eziphilayo. Uhlobo lweepolymers ezineeathom zekhabhoni kwityathanga labo eliphambili. Njengokuba: iuboya, umqhaphu.
- Iipholima zeVinyl eziphilayo. Uhlobo lwee-polymers ezona zityathanga zazo zenziwe ngokukodwa zii-atom zecarbon. Njengokuba: polyethilini.
- Iipholima ezingezizo i-vinyl eziphilayo. Uhlobo lweepolymers ezinekhabhoni kunye neoksijini kunye / okanye iiathom ze-nitrogen kwityathanga labo eliphambili. Njengokuba: iipolitiki.
- Iipholima ezingaphiliyo. Uhlobo lweepolymers ezingenazo iiathom zekhabhoni kwityathanga labo eliphambili. Njengokuba: iisilicon.
Ngokokuziphatha kwayo okushushu:
- Iyanyangeka. Uhlobo lweepolymers ezithi, xa amaqondo obushushu ekhuphuka, zibolile ngamachiza. Njengokuba: ebonite.
- Thermoplastics. Uhlobo lweepolymers ezinokuthambisa okanye zinyibilike xa zifudunyezwe zize ziphinde ziphinde zibuyele iipropathi xa selehlile. Njengokuba: nylon.
- Elastomers. Uhlobo lweepolymers ezinokusetyenziswa ngokulula kwaye zibunjwe ngaphandle kokuphulukana neepropathi okanye ulwakhiwo. Njengokuba: irabha, abicah.
- Ingakukhonza: Izinto ezomeleleyo
Imizekelo yeepolymers
- Irabha
- IPhepha
- Isitashi
- Iiproteni
- Umthi
- RNA kunye neDNA
- Irabha yeVulcanized
- Initrocellulose
- Nylon
- PVC
- Polyethylene
- Polyvinylchloride
- Ilandelwa yile: Izinto zendalo kunye nezinto zokwenziwa
