Umxholo
Ilizwi Utshintsho uvela kuqeqesho lwe-anthropological, ngakumbi uFernando Ortiz Fernández, owathi kufundisiso lwembali yezenkcubeko yaseCuba wajonga umbuzo wokuba iifom zenkcubeko zamaqela ezentlalo, zingagungqi, ngokuthe ngcembe zifumana kwaye zamkele ezinye iintlobo zenkcubeko ezivela kwamanye amaqela.
Inkqubo ye- Inkqubo yokutshintsha kwezinto Isenokuba kukuphazamiseka okungaphezulu okanye okuncinci, kodwa eyona nto iphambili kuyo ngumbuzo wokuba inkcubeko iphele ngokutshintsha enye. Ngokubanzi, olu tshintsho luthatha iminyaka embalwa ubuncinci, kwaye ukutshintshwa phakathi kwezizukulwana yinto esisiseko yeenguqu kwiipateni zenkcubeko.
Iifom kunye nemizekelo yokutshintsha kwezinto
Nangona kunjalo, uguquko lwenkcubeko ayisiyiyo into eyenzekileyo, eyenzeka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Endaweni yokuba kubonwe ukuba inokukhula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:
ukuya) Ukuhamba okufudukayo
Amaxesha amaninzi, iipateni zenkcubeko yendawo ziguqulwa ukusuka kwi- ukufika kokuhamba okufudukayo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Inani elikhulu lamazwe, ngakumbi lawo aku-Latin America, acacisa iimpawu zawo zangoku ngokusekwe kumaqela eze kuwo. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuya kwilizwe elinezikhokelo ezithile, iqela labantu elikhulu nangaphezulu kunelo lihlala ngelo xesha lifika, kunye nenxalenye yeepateni zeqela lenkcubeko yamanye amazwe liyangena. Eminye imizekelo yoku inokuba:
- Ukudityaniswa kwezentlalo okwenzekileyo ePeru nabantu abaninzi abavela eJapan kubangele ukuba umxube ubekhona ngengqondo.
- Indlela yokuthetha ulwimi lwesiSpanish kwingingqi yoMlambo iPlate yahlengahlengiswa kancinci ngenxa yokungena kwabantu abaninzi bevela e-Itali naseSpain.
- Phantse zonke izixeko zineChinatown, enezikhokelo zenkcubeko yaseTshayina (imveliso yokufika okunzima kwabantu) kodwa iyafikeleleka kubo bonke abahlala esixekweni.
b) Ukoloni
Inkqubo ye- ukoloniyali kukunyanzelwa kweefom zenkcubeko ezintsha ngokusebenza kwezopolitiko, zihlala kubandakanya ukusekwa kwezohlwayo okanye izohlwayo kwabo bashiya iifom ezintsha. Inkqubo inyanzelekile, kodwa nangona kunjalo sisizathu seenguqu ezininzi zenkcubeko ngalo lonke ixesha. Eminye imizekelo inokukhankanywa:
- Nangona iyinkolo, ubuKristu kunye neenqobo ezisisiseko zaphakanyiswa eMelika ukusuka kwezopolitiko.
- Nangona ayilulo ikoloniyali ngokusemthethweni, ngexesha leMfazwe kaMalvinas eArgentina, urhulumente wakuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwezikhokelo zenkcubeko kulwimi lwesiNgesi. Oku kuvelise ukubonakala kweefom zenkcubeko ezintsha, ukuguqulwa komxholo ngesiNgesi ukuya kulwimi lwaseSpain.
- Ulwimi lwesiNgesi e-United States luphendula kulawulo lwendawo eyayinayo i-Crown yase-Bhritane, kude kube ngonyaka we-1776.
c) Utshintshiselwano ngezoqoqosho nakwezenkcubeko
Inkqubo ye- ukutshintshiselana kwezoqoqosho nenkcubeko bafezekisa ukungena kwifom yenkcubeko kwindawo ngaphambi kokuba kubekho enye. Amaxesha amaninzi kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba amalungu eqela amkela iifom ezintsha ajonga iipateni ezintsha ngokungcono, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwenzeka kuphela iindlela zentengiso.
Yinkqubo yokuxelisa, eyithandwa kakhulu yinkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha banamhlanje. Eminye yemizekelo yokuguquguquka kolu hlobo yile:
- Okwangoku, ukhuphiswano lweshishini laseTshayina ngokubhekisele kumazwe amaninzi kuthetha ukuba iimveliso zalo zifikelela kwihlabathi liphela, ziguqula iipateni zenkcubeko yeendawo ezifika kuzo.
- Ukusasazeka kweetekhnoloji ezintsha kuguqule umculo ophulaphulwayo kuninzi lwamazwe asentshona, uninzi lweengcali ezinokumanyelwa ngaxeshanye kwiindawo ezininzi.
- Inkqubo yezopolitiko ebalaseleyo namhlanje (inkululeko yenkululeko) yayiqinisa emhlabeni ngokulinganisa phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo.
d) Ukufaka ibango kwiipateni zenkcubeko
Unokucinga malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka ilizwe likhetha ukutshintsha iipateni zenkcubeko yomzuzwana ngamanye elinalo kwixesha langaphambili. Kukubuya kwamaxabiso ngokusebenza kwelinye ixesha, into engenzeki rhoqo kodwa enokwenzeka.
Ezo nkqubo zibanga iipateni zenkcubeko yamandulo okanye yempucuko yantlandlolo inokubonwa njengemizekelo yolu hlobo lwenkcubeko.
Ukwala kunye neenkxaso
Zininzi ababhali be-anthropology kunye nesosioloji abachasene ngamandla neenkqubo zokutshintsha kwenkcubeko ngenxa yezopolitiko, kodwa ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into ngenxa yokuxelisa, ngokungathandabuzekiyo yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yolu hlobo namhlanje.
Nangona zichanekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkcubeko zamazwe zithande ukufana ngakumbi nangakumbi endaweni yokwahluka njengoko kufanelekile, ikwachanekile ukuba ngokutshintsha kwenkcubeko ezinye iipateni zenkcubeko zifikelela kubantu abaninzi.
