Imizekelo ye-Fungi Kingdom - I-Encyclopedia

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Iimpawu zoBukumkani boFungi
Imizekelo yoBukumkani bamaFungi
Itya njani ifungi?
Ukwahlula kubukumkani befungus

Izinto eziphilayo zahlelwa izikumkani ezintlanu ukuqhuba isifundo kunye nokuqonda kobudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwabo kunye neempawu ezithile zazo nganye.

Olu luhlu lwenziwa ukusuka kumaqela ngokubanzi ukuya kumaqela athile, ukuqala ngobukumkani, emva koko iphyla okanye ukwahlula, iklasi, iodolo, usapho, uhlobo kunye nohlobo.

Ngamanye amagama, ubukumkani ngabunye kubandakanya iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezinempawu ezifanayo.

Izikumkani zezi:

Izilwanyana (ubukumkani bezilwanyana): Izinto eziphilayo ze-Eukaryotic, iselfowuni, ngaphandle kwekloroplast okanye udonga lweseli. Ngaba heterotrophs (zondla abanye izinto eziphilayo).
IPlantae (ubukumkani bezityalo): Izinto eziphilayo ezinomchamo we-eukaryotic, ngaphandle kwesakhono sokuhamba, kunye neendonga zeselulosi ezineselulose, photosynthetic.
Ngunda (Ifungi): Izinto eziphilayo ezinomchamo we-eukaryotic, ngaphandle kwesakhono sokuhamba, kunye neendonga zeseli eziqukethe i-chitin.
Protista: Ezinye izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic (kunye iiseli ezibandakanya i-nucleus eyahlukileyo) engafakwanga phakathi kwezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nefungi.
Monera: Izinto zeprokaryotic. Kwi iiseli zeprokaryotic Abanayo i-nucleus eyahlukileyo, oko kukuthi, izinto zofuzo azisahlulwanga kuyo yonke iseli ngenwebu yeseli, kodwa ifumaneka simahla kwi-cytoplasm.

Ingakukhonza: Imizekelo evela kuBukumkani ngalunye

Iimpawu zoBukumkani boFungi

Izinto eziphilayo ze-Eukaryotic: Zenziwe ziiseli ze-eukaryotic, Oko kukuthi, zinenucleus apho izinto zemvelo zikwimo yee-chromosomes.
Udonga lweseli: Njengezityalo, zinodonga lweseli ngaphandle kwimbonakalo yeplasma. Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo, olu donga lwenziwe nge-chitin kunye neeglucans.
Ukufuma: Ziyanda kwindawo ezifumileyo kunye nezasemanzini.
IiHeterotrophs: Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo, kufuneka zondle izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe zezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuba azikwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesize. Uphawu olwahlula kwezinye ii-heterotrophs kukuba zenza ukwetyisa kwangaphandle kokutya kwazo: zikhupha ii-enzymes ezetyisa ukutya emva koko zifunxe iimolekyuli ezibangelwa koku kugaya.
Ukuzaliswa kwakhona kweebhola: Iibhola ziyimizimba encinci unicellular okanye ezininzi. Ziyasasazeka zikwimeko efihlakeleyo de kufumaneke iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuhluma kwazo. Olu hlobo lokuzala lunokuba ngokwesondo okanye iziqhelo, Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo.

Okwethu ubomi bemihla ngemihlaSingawafumana amakhowa ngohlobo lokutya (kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso zobisi, ibhiya, okanye ngokwazo), okanye njengenxalenye yamayeza. Kukwakho nokungunda okungcolisayo, okunje ngokubola kweenkuni, kunye nefungi yokubola esidala isifo emzimbeni womntu. Ukongeza, kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa amakhowa abo kwi-hallucinogenic.

Imizekelo yoBukumkani bamaFungi

I-fly swatter (Amanita muscaria): Icandelo: basidiomycetes. Umyalelo: Agaricales. Amakhowa akhubaza okwethutyana izinambuzane ezidibana nayo. Ilinganisa phakathi kweesentimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-20. Ubomvu ngamachaphaza amhlophe. Ifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala, kodwa ikakhulu iinkuni, njengoko ikhula inxulunyaniswa neengcambu zemithi eyahlukeneyo. I-mushroom ye-hallucinogenic.
Iamethiste Lacaria (I-laccaria amethystea): Icandelo: i-basidiomycetes. Iklasi: Homobasidiomycetes. Umyalelo: I-Tricholomatales. Amakhowa anesinqwazi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5 cm ubukhulu. Inombala oqaqambileyo we-violet. Kubonakala kwiindawo ezinobuncwane kunye nokufuma kwamahlathi.
Amakhowa eenkwenkwezi (aseroë rubra). Icandelo: basidiomycetes. Iklasi: i-agaricomycetes. Umyalelo: Phallales. Amakhowa abonwa livumba lawo elingathandekiyo, elitsala iimpukane, kunye nobume beenkwenkwezi. Isiqu sayo simhlophe kwaye iingalo zibomvu. Inokufikelela kwiisentimitha ezili-10. Ingalo nganye (phakathi kwe-6 ne-9) ilinganisa i-33 millimeters.
Icigar kaMtyholi (chorioactis geaster). Icandelo: iascomycetes. Iklasi: pezizomycetes. Umyalelo. IPezizales. Amakhowa amile okweenkwenkwezi, umbala omnyama. Ukwahlulahlula kwayo kukuba ivelisa isandi xa ivula ukukhupha ii-spores zayo. Zikhula kwimisedare efileyo okanye kwiingcambu zom-oki. Itholakala kuphela eUnited States naseJapan.
Igwele lebhiya (I-Saccharomyces cervisiae). Icandelo: iascomycetes. Iklasi: IHemiascomycetes. Umyalelo: Saccharomycetales. Ngundo unicellular. Uhlobo lwegwele elisetyenziswa ekwenzeni isonka, ibhiya kunye newayini. Ivelisa kwakhona kwifayile ye- iziqhelo ngokukhula. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile iyakwazi ukuvelisa ngesondo.
IPenicillium Roqueforti. Ulwahlulo: ascomycotic. Iklasi: ii-eurotiomycetes. Myalelo: Eurtiales. Isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweentlobo zamasi, kubandakanya itshizi eluhlaza (iRoqueforte, iCabrales, iValdeón, njl.
Pine mushroom (suillus luteus). Icandelo: basidiomycetes. Iklasi: homobasidiomycetes. Umyalelo: iiletales. Ingalinganisa i-10 cm ubukhulu. Umbala omdaka ngombala kunye nomphezulu obonakalayo. Ifumaneka kumahlathi ompayini. Ngumakhowa otyayo.
Ngundo lweDermatophyte (Epidermophyton floccosum). Ulwahlulo: ascomycotic. Iklasi: ii-eurotiomycetes. Umyalelo: i-onygenales. I-fungus ebangela usulelo lolusu njengombungu, unyawo lweembaleki kunye ne-onychomycosis. Isasazeka ngokudibana. Ikhula kwiikholoni.
UCrepidotus. Icandelo: iBasidiomycetes. Umyalelo: Agaricales. Umngundo omilise ifan saprophytic. Imibala phakathi komhlophe namdaka. Ikhula kwindawo ezinemozulu epholileyo.
IPenicillium chrysogenum. Ulwahlulo: ascomycotic. Iklasi: Ii-Eurothiomycetes. Umyalelo: ii-euro. Yifungus evelisa ipenicillin (isibulali zintsholongwane evunyelwe ukunyanga izifo ezazithathwa njengezingenakunyangeka).

Itya njani ifungi?

IiSaprophytes: Zidla iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo.
IiParasites: Batya into ephilayo abahlala kuyo.
Iimpawu: Banxulumana nezityalo ezifumana inzuzo kuzo zombini.

Ukwahlula kubukumkani befungus

Ubukumkani beFungi bahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Basidiomycetes (Icandelo le-Basidiomycota): Amakhowa avelisa i-basidia (isakhiwo esivelisa isipore) kunye ne-basidiospores (inzala yokuzala).
Iiascomycetes (Icandelo le-Ascomycota): Amakhowa kunye nokubumba okuvelisa i-asci (iseli evelisa isini esivelisa) kunye nee-ascospores (i-ascus nganye ivelisa ii-ascospores ezi-8).
Glomeromycetes (Icandelo leGlomeromycota): I-Mycorrhizae, oko kukuthi, ngundo kunye ubudlelwane obunxulumene Ngeengcambu zesityalo.
Zygomycetes (Icandelo le-Zygomycota): Iimbumba ezenza i-zygospores (icandelo lesini lomngundo)
Chitridiomycetes (Ulwahlulo lweChytridiomycota): Ifungi encinci ye-Microscopic ene-zoospores kunye ne-uniflagellate gametes.