Umxholo
Njengazo zonke iiriphabliki zaseLatin America, Inkululeko yaseMexico Yayiyimbali ende, inkqubo yezopolitiko neyentlalo ephelisa iingalo kulawulo lwaseSpain kolu hlanga lwelizwekazi laseMelika.
Yatsho inkqubo Kwaqala ngohlaselo lwaseFrance lobukumkani baseSpain kwi1808, apho uKumkani Fernando VII wagxothwa khona. Oku kubenze buthathaka ubukho be Crown yaseSpain kwiikholoni kwaye yasetyenziswa ngabantu baseMelika abakhanyiselweyo ukubhengeza ukungathobeli kwabo kumkani obekiweyo, ngaloo ndlela bethatha amanyathelo okuqala kwinkululeko.
Kwimeko yase-Mexico, isenzo sokuqala esidlangalaleni sokuzimela ngokukhululekileyo sabizwa njalo "IGrito de Dolores", kaSeptemba 16, 1810, zenzeka kwiParish yaseDolores kwiphondo laseGuanajuato, xa umbingeleli uMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla, kunye noMnumzana uJuan Allende noJuan Aldama, bakhalisa iintsimbi zecawe bathetha nebandla ukuba lifune ukungazi nokungathobeli igunya lase-New Viceregal. Speyin.
Esi senzo sandulelwa yimvukelo yasemkhosini ngo-1808 ngokuchasene noViceroy José de Iturrigaray, owabhengeza igunya xa kungekho kumkani wasemthethweni; Kodwa nangona i-coup d'état yayithintelwe kwaye iinkokheli zavalelwa, isikhalazo senkululeko sasasazeka kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo ze-Viceroyalty, zanyanzelisa ibango labo njengoko babecinyiwe kwaye betshutshiswa. Yiyo loo nto, befuna ukubuya kukaFernando VII, abavukeli bangena kwiimfuno zoluntu ezinzulu, njengokupheliswa kobukhoboka.
Ngomnyaka we-1810, umvukeli uJosé María Morelos y Pavón wabiza amaphondo ezizimeleyo kwiCongress of Anáhuac, apho baya kunika umbutho wenkululeko ngesakhelo somthetho. Lo mbutho uxhobileyo wancitshiswa wangumlo wabanqolobi malunga ne-1820 kwaye waphantse wasasazeka, Kude kube kubhengezwe uMgaqo-siseko waseCádiz kwakuloo nyaka kwakucaphukisa imeko yeengcungcu zalapha, owathi ngelo xesha waxhasa uViceroy.
Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, abefundisi kunye ne-aristocracy ye-New Spain bazakuyixhasa esidlangalaleni inkululeko kwaye, bekhokelwa ngu-Agustín de Iturbide kunye no-Vicente Guerrero, abamanyanise imizamo yokulwa nabavukeli phantsi kwebhanile enye kwi-Plan ye-Iguala ka-1821. Kwakuloo nyaka, inkululeko yaseMexico iya kugqitywa., kunye nokungena kwe-Trigarante Army eMexico City ngoSeptemba 27.
Izinto ezibangela inkululeko yaseMexico
- Ukukhutshwa kukaFerdinand VII. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ukuthathwa kweSpain yimikhosi yamaNapoleon nokubekwa etroneni komntakwaboNapoleon, uJosé Bonaparte, kwabangela ukungoneliseki kwiikoloniyali zaseMelika, ezazithi, kudala zingoneliseki zizithintelo zorhwebo ezibekwe yidolophu enkulu, yabona ithuba ngokuchasene ngokucacileyo neCrown Crown.
- Ingcinezelo yenkqubo yokwahlulwahlulwa kwabantu ngokobuzwe. Ukungqubana okungagungqiyo kwamaCreoles, iimestizo namaSpanish eNew Spain, kunye nosizi inkqubo yohluthiso olwalubabeka phantsi abemi bomthonyama kunye nabalimi, kunye neenkulungwane ezintathu zengcinezelo yaseYurophu, yayiyeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokuzalela iminqweno. kunye nomnqweno wotshintsho lwasentlalweni olukhokelele kwimizamo yokuqala yotshintsho.
- Uhlengahlengiso lweBourbon. Ubukumkani baseSpain, ngaphandle kwemimandla ebanzi yobukoloniyali yaseMelika, babuphethe kakubi ubutyebi babo kwaye baphulukana nobutyebi obuninzi beLizwe elitsha kutshintsho lwezimbiwa kunye nezixhobo zaya eYurophu. Ukufuna ukuphucula la malungiselelo kunye nokuxhamla nangakumbi kubutyebi baseSpain eNtsha, uthotho lohlaziyo kulawulo lwekholoni lwakhuthazwa ngenkulungwane ye-18, eya kuthi iqhubele phambili ihlwempuzeke ubomi baseMelika kwaye ichaphazele ngqo uqoqosho lwabantu abakhethiweyo bendawo.
- Ukuthanda ubuCreole kunye nezimvo ezikhanyisiweyo zaseFrance. Efundiswe eParis, abantu abakrelekrele baseCreole babezimamele iintetho zeRationalist ze-Enlightenment, ezazivela kwi-French Revolution. Kule nto kufuneka kongezwe umzabalazo wezimvo phakathi kwamaCreole aseMexico, owaphakamisa ukunyaniseka ngaphezulu kokuthembeka kwidolophu enkulu, kunye nommiselo wobukhosi kwimimandla yaseMelika.Olu thando lokuthanda ubuCreole ludlale indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni izimvo zenkululeko.
- Inkululeko yaseMelika. Abamelwane bakwangoko baseMelika, inkululeko yabo ebukumkanini baseBritane yenziwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1783, iiCreoles zaseNew Spain zabona kolu ngquzulwano umzekelo wokulandelwa, owaphenjelelwa luloyiso lweengcamango zokhanyiso ngaphezulu kwesiko lakudala lobukhosi baseYurophu.
Iziphumo zenkululeko yaseMexico
- Ukuqala kokuphela kwekoloni kunye nokuqala kobukhosi baseMexico. Emva kweminyaka elishumi elinanye yeMfazwe yokuZimela, ukuzimela okupheleleyo kweNew Spain ukusuka kwisixeko esincinci se-peninsular kwafezekiswa, okwakungayi kuyivuma esidlangalaleni kude kube ngo-1836. bebanga ukuba yintsimi yabo eyenye ye-Viceroyalty yaseSpain engasekhoyo, kunye nokubhengeza uAgustín de Iturbide njengomlawuli. Ngomnyaka we-1823, phakathi kweengxabano zangaphakathi, iMexico yahlukana neCentral America kwaye yazibiza ngokuba yiRiphabhlikhi ezimeleyo.
- Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, iirhafu kunye nephepha elitywiniweyo. Inguquko kwinkululeko yabona ithuba ngo-1810 ukubhengeza, ngokusebenzisa Ummiselo ngokuchasene nobukhoboka, iifolokhwe kunye nephepha elitywiniweyo yentloko yomkhosi wamavukelambuso, u-Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, injongo yokuphelisa ulawulo lwamakhoboka ezentlalo, kunye neerhafu ezinikezelwe kubantu besizwe kunye nabemi bomthonyama, ukuthintelwa komsebenzi wombhobho wemipu nokusetyenziswa kwephepha eligximfiziweyo kumashishini.
- Ukuphela koluntu lodidi. Ukuphela kolawulo lobukhosi bekholoni, olwahlula phakathi kwabantu ngombala wabo wolusu kunye nemvelaphi yabo yobuhlanga, kwavumela ukuqala kwemizabalazo yokuziphindezela kuluntu lokulingana phambi komthetho kunye nangakumbi ngamathuba abancinci abacinezelweyo.
- Imfazwe phakathi kweMexico neUnited States. Ubuthathaka boorhulumente abatsha boorhulumente abazimeleyo baseMexico bebengazi ukuba bajongane njani neminqweno yokwandisa iUnited States, amabango abo entlawulo yentshabalalo eyenzeka eTexas (eyayizibhengeze ukuba izimele ngo-1836 ngoncedo lwaseMelika) ngexesha Imfazwe ye-Independence, ekhokelwa ngo-1846 kwimfazwe efana nemfazwe phakathi kwamazwe omabini: Ungenelelo lwaseMelika eMexico. Apho, abo baqale bazibonakalisa njengamadlelane azimeleyo eMexico bengenazintloni beba umntla wommandla wabo: iTexas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado kunye ne-Utah.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwamathemba okwabelana ngobutyebi. Njengakwiiriphabliki ezininzi zaseMelika ezazisanda kuvela, isithembiso sokwabelana ngoqoqosho olunobulungisa kunye namathuba alinganayo entlalontle saphazanyiswa kukwandiswa kwezidwangube zalapha, ezayeka ukuphendula eSpain kodwa zafuna ukugcina imeko ethile yokuba nelungelo njengabaqhubi belizwe lasemva kobukoloniyali. Oku kungakhokelela kuxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye neengxabano zangaphakathi kwiminyaka ezayo.
