Imizekelo eli-15 yeeCatshulwa - I-Encyclopedia

Umxholo

Iindidi zesicatshulwa sokubhaliweyo
Iimpawu ezizodwa
Imizekelo yeekowuti ezimfutshane
Imizekelo emide yokubhaliweyo
Inkcazo okanye isicatshulwa sentetho?
Imizekelo yokuchazwa

A Isicatshulwa sentetho luhlobo lomxholo obolekayo osebenza ukwenza kucace kumfundi ukuba into ethethwayo ngamagama omnye umntu. Eli nyathelo libizwa njengereferensi, kwaye livumela umfundi ukuba azi xa efunda umbhali naxa efunda iitekisi ezaphandwa ngumbhali lowo, kwaye ikwanika ulwazi lwezitshixo ukuze aye kwincwadi yokuqala ukuze aqhubeke nokuzika.

Nanini na xa sithatha uluvo esele lupapashiwe kwaye silusebenzisa, okanye siphanda ukwenza ezethu izimvo, kufuneka sinike ingxelo yokuba ivela phi yonke into kwaye sahlule okwethu kokungaphandle. Ngaphandle koko, siya kuba singenisa i- ukukopa, uhlobo lokunganyaniseki ngokwasemoyeni olunokubangela isohlwayo kunye neengxaki. Plagiarism luhlobo lobusela.

Zombini izichazi magama nezenziweyo zokugqibela zesicatshulwa zilungisiwe ngokulandela iimodeli zendlela emiselweyo. Ezona zaziwa kakhulu zi-APA (American Psychological Association) kunye MLA (ukusuka kwisiNgesi: Umbutho weeLwimi zale mihla).

Inokukunceda: izicatshulwa zeBhayibhile

Iindidi zesicatshulwa sokubhaliweyo

Iingcaphuno ezimfutshane (ngaphantsi kwamagama angama-40). Kufuneka zibandakanywe kwisicatshulwa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuhamba kwayo okanye ubeko lwayo. Kufuneka zifakwe kwiimpawu zokucaphula (eziphawula ukuqala kunye nokuphela kwesicatshulwa santlandlolo), sikhatshwa sisalathiso kwi-bibliographic data yesicatshulwa:

- Unyaka wokupapashwa kwencwadi. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba kukho iincwadi ezininzi ezicatshulwe ngumbhali omnye, njengoko zinokwahlulwa ngonyaka.
- Inani lephepha (ama) elikhankanyiweyo. Ngokwesiqhelo kwandulelwa sisifinyezo "p." okanye "p." Kwimeko yamaphepha aliqela, eyokuqala neyokugqibela iyakukhankanywa, yahlulwe ngumngxunya omfutshane: pp. 12-16. Kwimeko yamaphepha ahlukeneyo kodwa angasebenziyo, iikhoma ziya kusetyenziswa: iphe. 12, 16.
- Igama lokugqibela loMbhali. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba ifani ibizwa ngegama ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe okanye kucacile ukuba zezikabani, olu lwazi lunokukhutshelwa kubazali.

Iingcaphuno ezinde (Amagama angama-40 okanye ngaphezulu). Izicatshulwa ezide kufuneka zibekwe kumhlathi owahlukileyo, zahlulwe kumda wasekhohlo wephepha ngeetab (2) ezimbini ngaphandle kokungeniswa kunye nenqaku elinye elingaphantsi kubungakanani befonti. Kule meko, amanqaku ocaphulo lwalo naluphi na uhlobo awafuneki, kodwa emva kokuqeshwa ireferensi yakho kufuneka ibandakanywe kule datha ichazwe ngasentla.

Iimpawu ezizodwa

Kuzo zombini iimeko zokubhaliweyo, ezinye zeempawu ezilandelayo, izifinyezo okanye abalinganiswa banokuvela:

Izibiyeli []. Ukuvela phakathi kwesicatshulwa esifutshane okanye eside kwisicatshulwa esikwizibiyeli kuhlala kuthetha ukuba isicatshulwa esiphakathi kwabo asiyonxalenye yesicatshulwa, kodwa sesomphandi, onyanzelwayo ukuba acacise into okanye ongeze kuyo ukuze ikwazi iqondwe ngokupheleleyo.
Ibid. okanye ibid. Inkcazo ngesiLatini ethetha "ngokufanayo" kwaye isetyenziswe kwisalathiso ukuxelela umfundi ukuba ikowuteshini ebhaliweyo ikwayincwadi enye ebikhankanyiwe ngaphambili.
cit. Eli binzana lesiLatin lithetha "umsebenzi ocatshuliweyo" kwaye lisetyenziswa kwimeko apho kukho umsebenzi omnye kuphela wokudibana nombhali, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ukuphinda iinkcukacha zawo (kuba zihlala zifana), ziyahluka kuphela inani lephepha.
Njl. kwi. Isifinyezo sesiLatin sisetyenziselwa iimeko zomsebenzi kunye nombhali ophambili kunye nabaninzi ababambisene nabo, uninzi kakhulu ukuba lungadweliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ke ngoko, igama lokugqibela lenqununu liyakhankanywa kwaye lihamba nesi shunqulelo.
I-Ellipsis (…). Zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa umfundi ukuba kukho inqaku lesicatshulwa esishiyiweyo, nokuba kungaphambi kokuqala kwesicatshulwa, emva kwaso, okanye embindini waso. Zidla ngokusetyenziswa kubazali.

Imizekelo yeekowuti ezimfutshane

Njengoko sibona kuphando lweFoucault (2001), ingcinga yokuhlanya iyinxalenye yesizathu, kuba “akukho mpucuko ingenampambano” (iphe. 45).
Ngapha koko, "ukusetyenziswa kwenkcubeko kwiLatin America kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokunxulumene nokuhamba kweentetho zopolitiko nezorhwebo, kwaye hayi, njengaseYurophu, ezichazwe kwilizwe-ilizwe" (Jorrinsky, 2015, iphe. 8).
Ngale ndlela, kulula ukuya kuhlolo lwengqondo: "Imfundiso yokuba umntu uzibonakalise njengesiphumo sokungeniswa kolwimi kumntu" (iTournier, 2000, iphe. 13).
Yiloo nto u-Elena Vinelli angqinayo kwisandulela sakhe kulo msebenzi u-Elena Vinelli, xa eqinisekisa ukuba "Kukulwakha ngokwasentlalweni isini esahlula ukuthobela ubufazi kwindoda" (2000, iphe. 5), isinika ukuqonda ubufazi Isimboli esisekwe kwinoveli kaSara Gallardo.
Akukho nto ingako inokulindeleka kolu phando, ngaphandle kwa "ukudana okufutshane kokufumana inyaniso engacingelwanga" njengoko kuchaziwe ngu-Evers (2005, iphe. 12) kwijenali yakhe yodumo yophando.

Imizekelo emide yokubhaliweyo

Ke, sinokufunda kwinoveli kaGallardo (2000):

… Kodwa abafazi bahlala bedlula ngokwamaqela. Ndazimela ndalinda. Kudlule uMauricia ngejagi yakhe ndamrhuqa. Yonke imihla emva koko wayebaleka ayokundifumana, engcangcazela kukoyika umyeni wakhe, ngamanye amaxesha kwangethuba kwaye ngamanye amaxesha emva kwexesha, ukuya kule ndawo ndiyaziyo. Endlwini endiyenzileyo ngesandla sam, ukuba ndihlale kunye nomfazi wam, kwimishini ye-gringo yaseNorway uhlala nomyeni wakhe. (iphepha 57)

Kule nto kulula ukuthelekisa umbono wombhali ongumFrentshi:

Kwiinkonzo zendalo iphela, ezinje ngobuKristu kunye nobuBuddha, uloyiko kunye nesicaphucaphu siyasinda kubomi bokomoya obuvuthayo. Ngoku, obu bomi bokomoya, obusekwe ekomelezeni izithintelo zokuqala, nangona kunjalo inentsingiselo yeqela ... (Bataille, 2001, iphe. 54)

Ukubhala kwenza intlanganiso kunye nenqaku lokungavumelani kwezona mbono zithandekayo nezithandwayo malunga nezibhalo zoncwadi, kwaye zinokusebenzela ukwahlula njengaleyo yenziwe nguSontag (2000):

Nanku umahluko omkhulu phakathi kokufunda nokubhala. Ukufunda ngumsebenzi, urhwebo apho, ngokuziqhelanisa, umntu emiselwe ukuba abe yingcali ngakumbi nangakumbi. Njengombhali, into ayiqokelelayo kuqala kukungaqiniseki kunye namaxhala. (iphepha 7)

Olu luvo "lokuba" lunokufunyanwa lusasazekile kuwo wonke umsebenzi wobulumko. Nangona kunjalo, ingcaciso yayo ibonakala ingumcimbi onzima:

Ukuba ngongaze uxelise, okanye ukwenza ukuthanda, okanye ukuziqhelanisa nomzekelo, nokuba ngowobulungisa okanye inyaniso. Akukho xesha lakuqala ukusuka, okanye ukufikelela okanye ukufikelela. Akukho magama mabini atshintshanayo. Umbuzo, uyintoni ubomi bakho? Kububudenge ngokukodwa, kuba njengoko umntu esiba, ziba lutshintsho kangako (…) Oomatshini abangambini bangaphezulu: impendulo-yombuzo, indoda-ibhinqa, indoda-isilwanyana, njl. (Deleuze, 1980, iphe. 6)

Ke, kwimbalelwano phakathi kukaFreud no-Albert Einstein, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufunde oku kulandelayo:

… Umncinci kakhulu kunam, kwaye ndinethemba lokuba xa ufikelela kwiminyaka yam yobudala uyakuba sele uphakathi kwaba "baxhasi" bam. Kuba andizukuba kweli hlabathi ukuyokukungqina, ndinokulindela ukwaneliseka ngoku. Uyayazi into endiyicingayo ngoku: “Ngebhongo ndilindele imbeko ephezulu kangaka, ngoku ndiyayonwabela…” [Esi sisicatshulwa esisuka kuGoethe's Faust] (1932, iphe. 5).

Inkcazo okanye isicatshulwa sentetho?

Ukuchazwa ngcaciso kukuphinda utolike isicatshulwa sangaphandle, esichazwe ngamazwi ombhali omtsha. Kule meko, umphandi ufunda izimvo zomnye umbhali aze emva koko azicacise ngawakhe amazwi, engayeki ukunika ukuba umbhali uhambelana naye.

Kwezinye iimeko, igama lombhali lichazwe kubazali ukucacisa ukuba izimvo azizizo ezabo.

Isicatshulwa esibhaliweyo, kwelinye icala, yimali mboleko evela kwisicatshulwa sokuqala, apho isicatshulwa esikhankanyiweyo singangenelelwanga okanye silungiswe kwaphela. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, ukubhala kombhalo wokuqala kuyahlonitshwa: ukukopela akukaze kube yinto efanelekileyo.

Imizekelo yokuchazwa

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngokwaneleyo kwiincwadi ezininzi zefiziksi, imithetho eyiyo yendalo iphela apho umntu wanamhlanje afuna ukuyiphonononga nokuyiqonda ukuba iyaguquguquka kwaye isihlobo (Einstein, 1960) kunokuba bekucingwa ngaphambili.
Akunjalo, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iinjongo zelizwe elitsha zivela kwelona phiko lilondolozayo loluntu, kodwa endaweni yoko lidlala enye indima ephikisayo kwiLatin America namhlanje xa bejongana neepopi zasekhohlo (Vargas Llosa, 2006) eyayiyingqinga Ngexesha elibizwa "ixesha elide elishumi".
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba, nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha into iyinto kwaye ayikho enye into (uFreud, cit.), Kulungile ukuba ukwazi ukukhupha isisu ngengcaciso yobugcisa ngexesha, ngaphambi kokuba uwele kwisigqibo esichazayo ngobomi.
Imikhwa ye-anthropological ye-Southeast Asia, njengoko uninzi lwe-anthropologists sele ichazile, inezinto zokuhamba kwenkcubeko encinci ezenza ukuba zithandeke kubakhenkethi abavela kwinkcubeko yehegemonic (Coites et. Al., 1980), kodwa hayi abamelwane bayo bendawo.
Ukongeza, u-Bataille ucacile malunga noku, ebeka isikhundla sakhe kwindawo ethandwayo yokugcina izidumbu zase-Romantics, umsebenzi ochasayo njengokuyalela kunye nengcinezelo kubundlobongela (Bataille, 2001).