Imizekelo yeeoksijini

Ividiyo: UMasebe uchazwe njengomuntu obekwazi kahle ukuxhumana nabantu

Umxholo

Impendulo "redox"
Imizekelo yeeoksijini

Izinto ioksijini (O) zizinto ze-oxidizing ezithi, phantsi kweemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, zinokudibanisa nefutha kwaye zivelise, ngokuchanekileyo, a ukutshisa. Kule nkqubo i-oxidizer iyacutha ukubasa kwaye eyokugqibela yenziwe oxidized yeyangaphambili.

I-Oxidizers ziiarhente ze-oxidizing, ezinokuthi zithambekele ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidation (zivelisa ubushushu), uninzi lwezi zinto zithathwa njengezinobungozi okanye ukuphatha ngocoselelo, kuba zinokubangela ukutsha kakhulu.

Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-oxidizer, ngokwandiswa, nayiphi na indlela apho kunokwenzeka khona ukutshisa.

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yamafutha

Impendulo "redox"

Inkqubo ye- ioksijiniNjengee-oxidants, bavelisa iimpendulo ze "redox", Oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa ngaxeshanye kunye neoksijini. Kule ndlela yokuphendula, ukutshintshiselana nge-electron kwenzeka kwinqanaba lokuba i-oxidant izuza i-electron (iyanciphisa) kwaye i-reducer ilahlekelwa yi-electron (i-oxidize). Onke amacandelo abandakanyekayo, ukongeza, afumana imeko yokugcwala.

Imizekelo yolu hlobo lokuphendula ngamatyala odubulo, ukuhlanganiswa kwemichiza okanye ukubola.

Ioksijini (O₂). I-oxidizer par ukugqwesa, ebandakanyeka phantse kuzo zonke izinto ezinokutsha okanye ezenzekayo. Ngapha koko, umlilo oqhelekileyo awunakubakho xa ungekho. Ngokubanzi, iimpendulo ze-redox ezivela kwimveliso yeoksijini, ukongeza kumandla, ubuninzi be-CO₂ kunye namanzi.
Iozone (O₃). Imolekyuli yegesi enqabileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo, nangona ininzi kumaleko aphezulu e-atmosfera, ihlala isetyenziselwa ukucoca amanzi kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezisebenzisa amandla azo okomisa oksijini.
Iperoksayidi yeHydrogen (H₂OKANYE₂). Eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-dioxogen, yindawo enamanzi amdaka kakhulu, eneoksijini eninzi, ehlala isetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane kumanxeba okanye iinwele ze-bleach. Ifomula yayo ayizinzanga kwaye ithambekele ekwehleleni emanzini nakwiimolekyuli zeoksijini, ikhuphe amandla obushushu kwinkqubo. Ayinakutsha, kodwa inokuvelisa umlilo ngokukhawuleza xa kukho ubhedu, isilivere, ubhedu okanye into ethile ephilayo..
Iihypochlorites (ClO-). Ezi ion ziqulathwe kwimixube emininzi enje ngee-bleach ezingamanzi (i-sodium hypochlorite) okanye i-powders (calcium hypochlorite), engazinzanga kakhulu kwaye ethande ukubola phambi kwelanga, ubushushu kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Basabela ngokuxhalabisayo kwizinto eziphilayo, ezinokubangela ukutshiswa, kunye ne-manganese, ukudala i-permanganates..
Iipermanganates. Ezi ziityuwa ezifumaneka kwi-permanganésic acid (HMnO₄), apho bafumana khona i-anion MnO₄^– kwaye ngenxa yoko i-manganese ikwindawo yayo yokugcwala ephezulu. Bavame ukuba nombala we-violet onamandla kunye nokutshisa okuphezulu kakhulu ekudibaneni nezinto eziphilayo., Ukuvelisa ilangatye elibomvu kwaye kunokubangela ukutshisa okukhulu.
I-Peroxosulfuric acid (H₂SW₅). Esi siqina singenambala, siyanyibilika kwi-45 ° C, sinezixhobo ezinkulu zeshishini njengesixhobo sokubulala iintsholongwane nesicocekileyo, nasekuvelisweni kweetyiwa zeasidi phambi kwezinto ezifana ne potassium (K). Phambi kweemolekyuli ze-organic, ezinje nge-ether kunye neetoni, zenza iimolekyuli ezingazinzanga kakhulu nge-peroxygenation, enjenge-acetone peroxide.
Iperoksayidi yeAcetone (C₉H₁₈OKANYE₆). Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-peroxyketone, eli qela le-organic liqhuma kakhulu, njengoko lisabela ngokulula kubushushu, ukukhuhlana okanye ifuthe. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwabanqolobi belusebenzise njengesiqhushumbisi kuhlaselo lwabo kwaye hayi uninzi lweekhemesti ezonzakeleyo xa ziluphethe. Yimolekyuli engazinzanga, ethi ithi xa ibola yenze ezinye izinto ezizinzileyo ikhuphe amandla amakhulu (ukuqhushumba kwe-entropic).
Halogens. Ezinye izinto zeqela le-VII letheyibhile yamaxesha, eyaziwa ngokuba zii-halogen, zihlala zisebenzisa ii-mononegative ions ngenxa yesidingo sabo seelectron zokugqiba inqanaba labo lamandla lokugqibela, yiyo loo nto kusenziwa iityuwa ezibizwa ngokuba zii-halides ezixhuma kakhulu.
Iitole zentsingiselo. Ebizwa ngusokhemisi waseJamani uBernhard Tollens, sisixhobo esine-diamine (amaqela amabini e-amine: NH₃) kunye nesilivere, yokusetyenziswa kokulinga ekufumaneni i-aldehydes, kuba amandla abo e-oxidizing aguqula i-carboxylic acids. I-Tollens reagent, nangona kunjalo, ukuba igcinwe ixesha elide, ngokuzenzekelayo yenza isilivere (AgCNO), ityuwa yesilivere eqhuma kakhulu..
IOsmium iTetroxide(Bhele₄). Ngaphandle kokunqaba kwe-osmium, eli khomputha linezicelo ezininzi ezinomdla, ukusetyenziswa kunye neepropathi. Ukuqina, umzekelo, kuguquguquka kakhulu: iba yirhasi kubushushu begumbi. Ngaphandle kokuba yi-oxidant enamandla, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuninzi kwilabhoratri njenge-catalyst, ayisebenzi kuninzi lwe-carbohydrate, kodwa ityhefu kakhulu izixa ezingaphantsi kwezo zifunyanwa livumba lomntu.
Iityuwa zePherchloric acid (HClO₄). Iityuwa ezigcweleyo iqulethe i-chlorine kwindawo ephezulu ye-oxidation, eyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokudibanisa iziqhushumbisi, izixhobo ze-pyrotechnic kunye ne-rocket fuels, njengoko ziyi-oxidizer enkulu enokuchithwa okuncinci.
AmaNitrate (HAYI₃^–). Ngokufana ne-permanganates, zityiwa apho i-nitrogen ikwindawo ebalulekileyo ye-oxidation. Ezi ntlobo zeekhompawundi zibonakala ngokwendalo ekonakaleni kwenkunkuma yebhayoloji enje nge-urea okanye iiproteni ezithile ze-nitrogen, ezenza i-ammonia okanye i-ammonia, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizichumisi. Ikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomgubo omnyama, usebenzisa amandla e-oxidation ukuguqula ikhabhon nesalfure kunye nokukhupha amandla e-caloric..
Isulfoxides. Ifunyenwe ikakhulu yi-organic i-oksidi ye-sulfide, olu hlobo lwekhompiyutha lusetyenziswa kumachiza amayeza amaninzi kwaye kukho i-oksijini engaphezulu banokuqhubeka nenkqubo yabo ye-oxidation de babe zii-sulfone, ziluncedo njenge-antibiotics.
IChromium trioxide (CrO₃). Le khompawundi iqinile ngombala obomvu obomvu, enyibilikayo emanzini kwaye iyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zokudibanisa kunye nokuchopha isinyithi. Ukuqhagamshela kuphela kwe-ethanol okanye ezinye izinto eziphilayo kubangela ukutshiswa kwangoko kwale nto., enokutsha kakhulu, inetyhefu kunye ne-carcinogenic, kunye nokuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-chromium ene-hexavalent, indawo eyingozi kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Iimpawu ze-cerium VI. I-Cerium (Ce) yinto yemichiza yoku-odola i-lanthanides, intsimbi ethambileyo engwevu, i-ductile, i-oxidized ngokulula. Ii-oxidi ezahlukeneyo ze-cerium ezifumanekayo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso, ngakumbi ekwenziweni kwematshisi kwaye njengelitye elikhanyayo ("tinder") kusetyenziswa ingxubevange yentsimbi.Kuba ukushukuxa kuphela kunye neminye imiphezulu kwanele ukuvelisa iintlantsi kunye nobushushu obusebenzisekayo.