Umbhali:
Peter Berry
Umhla Wokudalwa:
16 Eyekhala 2021
Hlaziya Umhla:
1 Ucanzibe 2024
Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- Iinkqubo zendalo Ziinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo kwindawo enikiweyo.
Ziquka:
- BiocenosisIkwabizwa ngokuba yindawo yoluntu. Yiseti yezinto eziphilayo (izinto eziphilayoezihlala kwindawo enye yeemeko ezifanayo. Ibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zombini Izityalo nezilwanyana.
- BiotopeNgummandla othile apho iimeko zendalo zifana. Yindawo ebalulekileyo ye-biocenosis.
Yonke i-ecosystem inzima kakhulu kuba ibandakanya uthungelwano lobudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezo ziphilayo izinto ezinqabileyo, njengokukhanya, umoya okanye izinto ezingafakwanga zomhlaba.
Yendalo kunye neArtificial
- Izinto eziphilayo zendalo: Zizo ezo zikhula ngaphandle kongenelelo lomntu. Zahluke kakhulu kunezingezizo kwaye ziye zahlulwa ngokubanzi.
- Izinto eziphilayo zendaloZenziwe zizenzo zabantu kwaye zazingazange zibekho ngaphambili kwindalo.
Iindidi zendalo
UQOQOSHO OLUFANELEKILEYO
- Zasemanzini: Yayiyenye yezinto eziphilayo zokuqala, kuba ubomi kwiplanethi yethu buvela elwandle. Izinzile ngakumbi kunamanzi amatsha okanye i-ecosystems yomhlaba, ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu acothayo. Ingayi:
- I-Photic: Xa i-ecosystem yaselwandle ifumana ukukhanya okwaneleyo, inokuqulatha izityalo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-photosynthesis, echaphazela yonke i-ecosystem, kuba zizinto ezinakho ukudala izinto eziphilayo ezivela kwizinto ezingaphiliyo. Ngamanye amagama, baqala itsheyina lokutya. Zizinto eziphilayo zelwandle, iingqaqa zekorale, imilomo yemilambo, njl.
- I-Aphotic: Akukho kukhanya kwaneleyo kwi-photosynthesis, ke ezi zinto ziphilayo zinqongophele kwizityalo zefotosinthesisi. Kukho ioksijini encinci, amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu.Ezi nkqubo zendalo zifumaneka kulwandle olunzulu, kwimimandla enenzonzobila, kumsele wolwandle kunye noninzi lolwandle.
- Amanzi amnandi: Yimilambo kunye namachibi.
- Lotic: Imilambo, imilambo okanye imithombo. Zizo zonke ezo zinto apho amanzi enza khona imeko yangoku engacacanga, ebonisa imeko yenguqu yomzimba eqhubekayo kunye neendidi ezininzi zokuhlala (izithuba ezineemeko ezingafaniyo).
- I-Lentic: iLagos, amachibi, amachweba nemigxobhozo. Ziyimizimba yamanzi apho kungekho khona rhoqo.
UQOQOSHO LWENKQUBO
Ezo apho i-biocenosis ikhula emhlabeni okanye kumhlaba ongaphantsi. Iimpawu zezi zinto zixhomekeke kubumanzi, ubushushu, ukuphakama (ukuphakama ngokubhekisele kwinqanaba lolwandle) kunye nobude (kufutshane neIkhweyitha).
- Umthi: Faka amahlathi emvula, amahlathi awomileyo, amahlathi apholileyo, amahlathi ashinyeneyo, kunye namahlathi akweleenjiko.
- Izihlahla: Banezityalo ezityholoweyo. Banokuba sisihlahla, xerophilous okanye moorland.
- Ingca: Apho imifuno inobukho obukhulu kunezihlahla kunye nemithi. Banokuba ngamathafa, amathafa okanye amathafa.
- Tundra: Apho kufumaneka khona ubulembu, ubune, amayeza kunye namatyholwana amancinci. Banomhlaba ongaphantsi komkhenkce.
- IntlangoZifumaneka kwiindawo ezineshushu okanye kwimozulu eshushu, kodwa nakwii-ice sheet.
UQOQOSHO LWEHYBRID
Zizo ezo ezinokuthi, xa zikhukula, zithathelwe ingqalelo emhlabeni okanye emanzini.
Imizekelo yendalo yendalo
- Umsinga (Amanzi, amnandi, amnandi): Umjelo wamanzi ohamba ngokuqhubekekayo kodwa oqukuqela ukuhla kunomlambo, yiyo loo nto unokunyamalala kwizibonda ezomileyo. Azihlali zihamba ngenqanawa, ngaphandle kwezo zinethambeka eliphantsi kunye nokuhamba okuninzi. Kodwa nakweyiphi na imeko, kusetyenziswa kuphela amaphenyane amancinci kakhulu, anjengephenyane okanye isihlenga. Imijelo ineendawo ezibizwa ngokuba ngamazibuko amancinci kakhulu kangangokuba anokuwela ngeenyawo. Kuzo kunokuhlala iintlanzi ezincinci, ii-crustaceans kunye neninzi yezinambuzane kunye izilwanyana zasemanzini. Izityalo ikakhulu zine-algae yamanzi amatsha.
- Ihlathi elomileyo (umhlaba, ihlathi): ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-xerophilous, hiemisilva okanye ihlathi elomileyo. Yinkqubo enezinto eziphinyeneyo enemithi yokuxinana okuphakathi. Amaxesha emvula amafutshane kunamaxesha onyaka awomileyo, ngenxa yoko iintlobo zezityalo zixhomekeke kubukho bamanzi, njengemithi enqabileyo (ilahla amagqabi ayo kwaye ke awaphulukani nokufuma okuninzi). Zihlala zifumaneka phakathi kwamahlathi emvula kunye Iintlango okanye amaphepha. Amaqondo obushushu ashushu unyaka wonke. Iinkawu, amaxhama, iikati, iintlobo zeentaka neentaka zihlala kula mahlathi.
- Intlango enesanti (umhlaba wentlango): Umhlaba ubukhulu becala ngumhlaba oyisanti, owenza iindunduma ngokusebenza komoya. Imizekelo ethile yile:
a) Intlango yaseKalahari: Ngaphandle kokuba iyintlango, ibonakaliswa zizilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya neempuku, neembabala, neendlulamthi kunye neengonyama.
b) Intlango yeSahara: Intlango eshushu. Inezikwere ezingaphezu kwesigidi se-9 somhlaba (indawo efana naleyo yase China okanye i-United States), egubungela uninzi lweMntla Afrika.
- Inkqantosi enamatye (umhlaba wentlango): Umhlaba wawo wenziwe ngamatye nangamatye. Ikwabizwa ngokuba nguHamada. Kukho isanti kodwa ayizenzi iindunduma, ngenxa yobuncinane bayo. Umzekelo yintlango yaseDraa, emazantsi eMorocco.
- Intlango yasePolar (umhlaba wentlango): Umhlaba wenziwe ngumkhenkce. Imvula inqabile kwaye amanzi anetyiwa, kungoko izilwanyana (ezinjengeebhere ezimhlophe) kufuneka zifumane ulwelo olufunekayo kwizilwanyana ezizityayo. Amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu. Olu hlobo lwentlango lubizwa ngokuba yi-indlandsis.
- Emazantsi olwandle (aphotic marine): Ime kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi "hadal", emi emazantsi enzonzobila, oko kukuthi, yeyona inzulu elwandle: ngaphezulu kwe-6,000 yeemitha ubunzulu. Ngenxa yokungabikho kokukhanya kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, izondlo ezikhoyo zinqabile. Ezi nkqubo zendalo azikhange zihlolwe ngokwaneleyo, ke zikhona kuphela intelekelelo ayiqinisekiswanga kubemi bayo. Kucingelwa ukuba bayasinda ngenxa yekhephu laselwandle, eliyinto ephilayo ewela ngohlobo lwamaqhekeza ukusuka kolona lwandle lukhulu ukuya ezantsi.
Intlango enkulu enesanti: Ifumaneka emantla ntshona eOstreliya. Phakathi kwezilwanyana zalo kukho iinkamela, ii-dingo, ii-goannas, amacikilishe neentaka.
- Marsh (i-hybrid): Yenza uxinzelelo kumhlaba osemdeni wolwandle. Ngokwesiqhelo le ukudakumba Yenziwa kukuhamba komlambo, yiyo loo nto uxube amanzi amatsha netyuwa kuloo ndawo. Ngumgxobhozo, oko kukuthi, indawo yomhlaba ehlaselwa kaninzi okanye ngokusisigxina. Umhlaba udityaniswe nendalo, udongwe nesanti. Ezona zityalo zinokukhula kule ecosystem zezi zinokumelana nokuxinana kwetyuwa emanzini asondele kwi-10%. Kwelinye icala, izilwanyana ziyahluka kakhulu, ukusuka izinto ezincinci ezinje nge benthos, nekton kunye neplankton ukuya kwiimollusk, ii-crustaceans, iintlanzi kunye nemivundla.
- Iqonga lelizwekazi (i-photic marine): I-biotope yale ecosystem yindawo ye-neritic, oko kukuthi, indawo yaselwandle ekufutshane nonxweme kodwa ayinanxibelelwano ngqo nayo. Kuqwalaselwa ukusuka kwi-10 yeemitha ubunzulu ukuya kwi-200 yeemitha. Iqondo lobushushu lihlala lizinzile kule ecosystem. Ngenxa yobuninzi bezilwanyana, yeyona ndawo ikhethiweyo yokuloba. Iintyatyambo nazo zininzi kwaye zahlukene kuba ilanga lifika ngamandla aneleyo ukuvumela ifotosinthesisi.
- Idlelo leTropiki (terrestrial, grassland): Uhlaza olugqwesileyo yingca, ingcongolo nengca. Kuwo onke la madlelo kukho iindidi zengca ezingaphezu kwama-200. Nangona kunjalo, eyona ixhaphakileyo kukuba zimbini kuphela okanye zintathu iintlobo eziphambili. Phakathi kwezilwanyana kukho izilwanyana ezitya uhlaza kunye neentaka.
- Izilwanyana zaseSiberia (terrestrial tundra): Ifunyanwa kunxweme olusemantla eRashiya, eNtshona Siberia, kunxweme lweArctic Ocean. Ngenxa yelanga elinqabileyo elifikelela kolu lwandle, i-tundra ecosystem ephucukileyo, ejikeleze i-fir kunye ne-spruce forest.
Imizekelo yezinto eziphilayo
- Idama: Xa usakha i Isityalo sombane Idike lokuzenzela (ichibi) lidla ngokwenziwa ngokuvala ibhedi yomlambo kwaye ngaloo ndlela iyenze iphuphume. Izinto ezikhoyo zendalo esele zikhona ziguqulwe kakhulu ukusukela oko kumhlaba ophilayo ziba zizidalwa zasemanzini xa zikhukula unomphela kwaye inxenye ye-ecosystem yomlambo iba yiconic ecosystem.
- Iifama: I-biotope yayo ngumhlaba ochumileyo. Le ecosystem eyenziwe ngumntu kangangeminyaka engama-9,000. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zendalo, hayi kuphela ngokuxhomekeke kwi- Uhlobo lwesityalo kodwa ikwayindlela yokulima: ingaba izichumisi ziyasetyenziswa okanye azisetyenziswanga, ukuba ngaba kusetyenziswa iicrocrochemicals, njl. Oko kubizwa ngokuba yiigadi zezinto eziphilayo ngamasimi ezityalo angasebenzisi iikhemikhali ezingezizo kodwa endaweni yoko zilawula ubukho bezinambuzane ngezinto ezifumaneka kwizityalo ngokwazo. Kwelinye icala, kumabala ezityalo ezishishini, zonke izinto ezikhoyo ziphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo, ngokusebenzisa imichiza ethintela ukukhula kwenxalenye enkulu yezinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kwento elinywayo.
- Vula imigodi yemigodiXa kufumaneka idiphozithi yento exabisekileyo kwindawo ethile, inokuxhaphaza ngokusebenzisa imigodi ye-opencast. Ngelixa olu hlobo lokumba umgodi lubiza kancinane kunezinye, ikwachaphazela nenkqubo yezendalo ngokunzulu ngakumbi, iyila eyayo. Imifuno esemhlabeni iyasuswa, kunye namatye aphezulu elityeni. Izityalo aziphili kule migodi, kodwa izinambuzane kunye nobuninzi bezinto ezincinci zinokubakho. Ngenxa yotshintsho olwenziwa rhoqo emigodini, akukho zinye izilwanyana ezihlala apho.
- Igreenhouse: Luhlobo oluthile lwendalo ekhulayo apho amaqondo obushushu nokufuma kuphezulu, kusetyenziswa ukuxinana kwamandla elanga kwindawo emiselweyo. Le ecosystem, ngokungafaniyo namasimi ezityalo, ayichaphazeleka ngumoya, imvula okanye utshintsho lobushushu, kuba zonke ezi zinto (ukuhamba komoya, ukufuma, ubushushu) zilawulwa ngumntu.
- IzitiyaZezendalo ezifana nengca, kodwa zinentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, kuba iintyatyambo zikhethwa ngumntu kwaye nezilwanyana zihlala zibandakanya izinambuzane, iimpuku ezincinci neentaka.
- Imijelo: Zinokwenziwa ngokungeyonyani ukusuka kumthombo wendalo (umlambo okanye ichibi) okanye izinto ezingezizo (eziponjiweyo zamanzi). Ijelo limbiwe limile ngendlela efunekayo kwaye liqinisekisa ithambeka kwicala elifanelekileyo. Ijelo linokugqunywa ngamatye okanye iingqalutye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhukhuliseko oluphuma emanzini alunakuguqula imilo eyenziweyo. Inkqubo yendalo yale milambo ingeyiyo iqala ngezinto ezincinci eziza namanzi, zibeke ulwelwe emazantsi nasemacaleni omlambo kwaye zitsale izinambuzane. Ukuba umthombo ungowendalo, uyakuqulatha izilwanyana (iintlanzi kunye nee-crustaceans) ezihlala kwindalo yendalo.
- Indawo yasezidolophini: Iidolophu nezixeko zenza indalo ebingazange ibekho ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe inyathelo lomntu. Ezi ecosystems zezona ziye zatshintsha kakhulu kwiinkulungwane zamva nje, ziguqula kakhulu iintlobo ezihlala kuzo, kunye nezinto ze-abiotic ezinxibelelana nazo. Into ekuphela kwayo eye yahlala ingatshintshanga kukuxinana okuphezulu kwabantu, nangona oku kuye kwanda. Imihlaba yeedolophu nezixeko yenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa (ngesixa esincitshisiweyo se "zithuba eziluhlaza" ngemihlaba yendalo). Le ecosystem inwenwela ngaphezulu komhlaba isithuba somoya kodwa iphantsi komhlaba, iyila izindlu, amadama, iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi, njl. Izitshabalalisi ngenxa yokuxinana kwabemi ziqhelekile kule nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo.
- Landela ngo: Umzekelo weNdalo
