20 Imizekelo yeeHydrocarbon - I-Encyclopedia

Ividiyo: Hydrocarbon Power!: Crash Course Chemistry #40

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Imizekelo yeehydrocarbon

Inkqubo ye-hydrocarbon Yimichiza ye-organic eyakhiwe ngokukodwa sisakhelo se-hydrogen kunye neathom zekhabhon, nezisisiseko sayo yonke chemistry yemvelo. Ubume besakhelo se-athomu bunokuba semgceni okanye bube ne-branched, buvulwe okanye buvalwe, kunye noku-odolwa kwazo kunye nobungakanani bezinto ziya kuxhomekeka ekubeni yinto enye okanye enye into.

Inkqubo ye- hydrocarbon Zizinto ezinokutsha ezinesakhono esibanzi sotshintsho kwimizi-mveliso, yiyo loo nto zisisiseko sokukhutshwa kwemigodi yehlabathi, ukuvumela ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsonkothileyo, amandla ombane kunye nombane, kunye nokukhanyisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezinokwenzeka. Ikwangumthombo obonakalayo wetyhefu, njengoko ihlala ikhupha umphunga oyingozi empilweni.

IiHydrocarbon zihlelwa ngokweendlela ezimbini ezinokubakho:

Ngokwesakhiwo sayo, sine:

I-accyclic okanye uvule imixokelelwane. Emva koko yahlulwe yangumgama okanye i-branched.
Ukujikeleza okanye imixokelelwane evaliweyo. Emva koko lahlulwe laba yi-monocyclic kunye ne-polycyclic.

Ngokwohlobo lwebhondi phakathi kweeathom zayo, sine:

Iimpawu. Banomsesane onevumba elimnandi, oko kukuthi, kunye nesakhiwo seebhayisekile ngokomgaqo kaHückel. Zivela kwiBenzene.
Aliphatic. Baswele iringi enuka kamnandi (ayivelwanga kwi-benzene) kwaye yahlulahlulwe yaba: kukuhlutha (iibhondi enye zeatom) kunye ne-unsaturated (ubuncinci ibhondi enye).

Imizekelo yeehydrocarbon

Imethane (CH₄). Irhasi enevumba elinyanyekayo, elinokutsha kakhulu, elikhona kumoya weeplanethi ezinkulu ezinegesi kwaye njengemveliso yethu yokubola izinto eziphilayo okanye imveliso yemisebenzi yezimbiwa.
UEthane (C.₂H₆). Irhasi enokutsha kakhulu yezo zinto zenza igesi yendalo kwaye ikwazi ukuvelisa iqabaka xa inxibelelana nezicubu zomzimba.
IButane (C₄H₁₀). Irhasi engenambala kwaye izinzile, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengamafutha aphezulu oxinzelelo (ulwelo) kwimeko yasekhaya.
Ipropane (C₃H₈). Kanjalo gase, engenambala kwaye engenavumba.
IPentane (C5H12). Ngaphandle kokuba yenye yeehydrocarbon ezine zokuqala alkanes, ipentane zikwimeko engamanzi ngesiqhelo. Isetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi kwaye njengombane wamandla, inikwe ukhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nexabiso eliphantsi.
I-Benzene (C₆H₆). A ulwelo ayinambala kwaye inevumba elimnandi, linokutsha kakhulu kwaye linomdla kakhulu, uphakathi kweemveliso zorhwebo ezenziwa ngokubanzi namhlanje. Isetyenziswa ekwenziweni kweerubbers, iisepha, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi, amayeza, iiplastikhi, intlaka kunye nokucoca ipetroleum.
IHexane (C₆H₁₄). Enye yeealkali ezinetyhefu ezimbalwa, isetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi kwezinye iipeyinti kunye nezinto zokuncamathelisa, kunye nokufumana ioyile yepomace. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo, nangona kunjalo, kuthintelwe, kuba ilikhoboka le-neurotoxic.
IHeptane (C₇H₁₆). Ulwelo phantsi koxinzelelo kunye ubushushu Indalo esingqongileyo, inokutsha kakhulu kwaye iyadubula. Isetyenziswa kwishishini lezibaso njengendawo ye-octane, nanjengesiseko sokusebenza kumayeza.
UOctane (C₈H₁₈). Inqaku le-100 kwinqanaba le-octane yepetroli, ejongene ne-heptane, kwaye inoluhlu olude lwee-isomers zokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso.
I-1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂). Ukwahlulahlulwa kolu shishino njengeparafini ephezulu kunye nealpha-olefin, lulwelo olungenambala oluyimfuneko ekufumaneni i-polyethylene kunye neealdehydes ezithile.
I-Ethylene (C₂H₄). Eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi, ikwangalo a ihomoni yendalo yezityalo kunye nekhompiyutha yemizi-mveliso eyimfuneko ekwenziweni kweplastiki. Ihlala ifunyanwa ekuphelisweni kwe-ethane emzimbeni.
Iasithilini (C₂H₂). Irhasi engenambala, ikhaphukhaphu kunomoya kwaye inokutsha lula, ivelisa idangatye elinokufikelela kuma-3000 ° C, obunye bobushushu obuphezulu obunokuphathwa ngumntu. Isetyenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanya kunye nobushushu kumashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
I-Trichlorethylene (C₂I-HCl₃). Ulwelo olungenambala, olungenakho ukutsha, olunephunga elimnandi kunye nencasa, inomdla kakhulu kwaye inetyhefu, ekwaziyo ukuphazamisa imijikelezo yentliziyo, yokuphefumla neyesibindi. Isinyibilikisi esinamandla seshishini esingekho kwindalo.
ITrinitrotoluene (C₇H₅U-N₃OKANYE₆). Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-TNT, iluhlaza otyheli, ikhristallini, ikomkhulu elinesiqhushumbisi. Ayiphenduli ngesinyithi okanye ifunxa amanzi, ke inobomi obude kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengenxalenye yeebhombu zomkhosi nezomzi-mveliso kunye neziqhushumbisi.
Iphenol (C.₆H₆OKANYE). Kwaziwa njenge asidi i-carbolic okanye i-phenyl okanye i-phenylhydroxide, iqinile ngendlela yayo emsulwa, i-crystalline kwaye imhlophe okanye ayinambala. Isetyenziselwa ukufumana ii-resins, i-nylon kunye nesibulali-ntsholongwane okanye inxenye yamalungiselelo ohlukeneyo ezonyango.
Itha. Umxube ontsonkothileyo wemixube ye-organic eyahluka ngokobume bemveliso kunye nobushushu bayo kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, yinto into engamanzi, i-bituminous, viscous and dark, enevumba elinamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa okuninzi, ukusuka kunyango lwe-psoriasis ukuya kwindledlana yendlela.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-petroleum ether umxube Ukutsha, ukutsha kunye nolwelo lwehydrocarbon ezigcweleyo, ezivela kwipetroleum, esetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi nanjengombane. Akufanele idideke kunye ne-benzene, i-ether, okanye ipetroli.
Iparafini. Amafutha aqhelekileyo, acoceke kakhulu kwaye afunyanwa ngu ulwelo lwepetroli yendalo. Yenziwe ngumxube wehydrocarbon kulwelo olubonakalayo nolutyheli, elingenakunyibilika emanzini, esetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa kunye nokucoca umphezulu, kunye nokubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nokuthambisa iimoto.
Ipetroli. Ifunyenwe kwi-petroleum ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngamaqhekeza okusetyenziswa kwe-distillation, lo mxube wamakhulu eehydrocarbons usetyenziswa kwiinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi njengoyena ucocekileyo ucocekileyo, ufanelekileyo kwaye uthandwa kakhulu, ngakumbi emva kokuba kuhluthwe ilothe kwii-2000s zakuqala.
Ioyile. Eyona hydrocarbon ibaluleke kakhulu eyaziwayo ngokweemizi-mveliso, apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba kudityaniswe nezinye iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto, iveliswa phantsi komhlaba kwizinto eziphilayo eziqokelelwe kwimigibe yejoloji kwaye iphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu. Inemvelaphi yeefosili, ulwelo olumnyama kunye nolushinyeneyo oluluvimba wehlabathi Ayinakuhlaziywa, kodwa lelona galelo liphambili kushishino lweemoto, zombane, imichiza kunye nezixhobo.