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Umxholo

Iimpawu zesicatshulwa esibalisayo
Iindidi kunye nemizekelo yezicatshulwa ezibalisayo

Inkqubo ye- Iitekisi ezibalisayo babalisa ngeziganeko, eziyinyani okanye ezentelekelelo, babalaselisa abalinganiswa omnye okanye abaninzi. Iziganeko ezichaziweyo zenzeka kwindawo kunye nexesha elinikiweyo. Njengokuba: 1984 (inoveli ebhalwe nguGeorge Orwell), Ukuqhubeka yeepaki (ibali elibhalwe nguJulio Cortázar) kunye Ukuzibulala kwisiphelo sehlabathi (Ingxelo ebhalwe nguLeila Guerriero).

Iitekisi ezibalisayo zihlala zinolu lwakhiwo lulandelayo:

Intshayelelo. Ibali okanye iminyhadala ebaliswayo iyavezwa, ukongeza ekuchazeni ungquzulwano oluza kwenza uthotho lweziganeko.
Uphuhliso okanye iqhina. Ngumzuzu onzima kakhulu embalini, apho kwenzeka khona ezona ziganeko ziphambili.
Iziphumo. Impixano eyaphakanyiswa kwintshayelelo kwaye yaphuhliswa kwindibano isonjululwe.

Iimpawu zesicatshulwa esibalisayo

Iziganeko zibaliswa ngombono wombalisi (onokuthi okanye angahambelani nombhali), onokuthi abalise ibali kumntu wokuqala, wesibini okanye wesithathu.
Ibali linokuba yinyani okanye liyintsomi.
Iziganeko zenzeka kwindawo ethile kunye nexesha.
Inani labalinganiswa liyakwazi ukwahluka (akukho mda ubuninzi) kwaye banokubaluleka, ukuba bayayenza iminyhadala, okanye yesibini, ukuba banefuthe elincinci kwikhosi.
Inenjongo ethile (ukonwabisa, ukufundisa okanye ukwazisa).
Banobume bangaphakathi (intshayelelo, phakathi, isiphelo) kunye nengaphandle (izahluko, izenzo, amacandelo, iinxalenye okanye imiqulu).

Iindidi kunye nemizekelo yezicatshulwa ezibalisayo

INOVELI

Libali lokwenyani okanye eliyintsomi elibhalwe kwiprozi, ngesiqhelo ixesha elide, elinokuphuhliswa kobunzima kunye nenani labalinganiswa. Njengokuba:

Ukuguqulwa kwemizimbanguFranz Kafka. Ishicilelwe ngo-1915, isixelela ibali likaGregorio Samsa, umrhwebi welaphu ovuka ngenye intsasa wajika waba sisinambuzane esikhulu. Kuwo onke amabali, umdlalo weqonga wosapho oveliswa lolu tshintsho ukwabonakalisiwe.
Indoda eyayithanda izinjanguLeonardo Padura. Ngo-2004, u-Iván, umbhali onomdla waseHavana, udibana nendoda eyimfihlakalo eyayihamba elunxwemeni ikhatshwa ziigreyhound zayo ezimbini zaseRussia. Emva kothotho lokudibana, le ndoda ibalisa ngobomi bukaRamón Mercader, umbulali kaLeón Trotski. Ukusuka kwezi mfihlakalo, u-Iván uqala ukubakha ngokutsha ubomi babo bobabini, kunye nebali lendlela umntu abephumeza ngayo omnye. Omabini la mabali ayadibana kunye nobomi babafundi kwiCuba yanamhlanje. Le noveli yapapashwa ngo-2009.

IBALI

Libali elifutshane, elinabalinganiswa abambalwa kunye nesiqwenga esilula. Njengokuba:

Intliziyo yokuxelela, nguEdgar Allan Poe. Ishicilelwe ngo-1843, ibali libonisa umbalisi othe phithi ngamehlo agulayo endoda ahlala nayo, awathi ekugqibeleni wagqiba kwelokuba ambulale. Emva kokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, uyalila aze asifihle isidumbu phantsi kweebhodi zomgangatho wamaplanga wendlu yakhe. Xa amapolisa efika kule ndawo, umbulali ugqibela eyivuma inyani, emva kokubona izinto ngombono wexhego libetha phantsi komgangatho.
Inkukhu enqumlayonguHoracio Quiroga. Ibalisa ibali labazalwana abane abanengxaki yokuphazamiseka engqondweni kwaye konke abanokwazi ukukwenza kukuxelisa. Ngenye imini, isibini saseMazzini-Ferraz sikhulelwe intombazana esempilweni, efumana lonke ingqalelo kunye nokuzinikela kubazali bayo. Ngesinye isihlandlo, emva kokubukela umpheki exhela isikhukukazi, aba bazalwana bane bafumana le ntombazana bodwa bayenza yaya ekhitshini, apho bayixhela khona. Utata ubona umbono omangalisayo, kwaye uzama ukuthintela umfazi wakhe ukuba angene ekhitshini. Ukubona igazi emhlabeni, umfazi uyaqonda ukuba kwenzeke ntoni. Le akhawunti yapapashwa ngo-1917 encwadini Iimbali zothando, impambano kunye nokufa.

UMGANGATHO

Ezi zibali zidibanisa iziganeko ezingaphezu kwendalo kunye neziganeko zokwenyani. La mabali adluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwaye ayinxalenye yenkcubeko ethile. Njengokuba:

Igosa likaAka Manto. Eli bali laseJapan libalisa ibali lesiporho somfazi ohlala kwigumbi lokugqibela lokuhlambela esidlangalaleni kwisixeko saseAka Manto. Ngokomxholo, umoya ubonakala kubafazi abancinci abasebenzisa indlu yangasese yokugqibela kwaye bababulale ukuphindezela ukufa kwabo. Injongo yebali kukoyikisa abantu basetyhini ukuze bangayi kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke zokuhlamba.
Imbali kaMojana. Ngokweli bali laseColombia, uMojana ngumfazi oziphethe ngokuthimba abantwana abajikeleza iindawo zakhe. Lo mfazi oneenwele ezinde zegolide uhlala phantsi kwamanzi, kwindlu enamatye. Ukukhusela abantwana kwizenzo zakho, kufuneka ubabophe ngentambo.

KRONIKELE

Isicatshulwa sobuntatheli esihlonipha ukulandelelana kweziganeko ukuze ubalise ibali. Njengokuba:

Isixeko sabahlolokazi. E-India, ukuba ngumhlolokazi sisiqalekiso. Uninzi lwabahlolokazi baphela behlala kwisixeko saseVrindavan. Intatheli yaseArgentina uMartín Caparrós wenza ingxelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokuba injani na loo dolophu.
Ingoma kaClaudia. Ngeminyaka eli-11 kuphela ubudala, uClaudia uyazi ukuba, ukuba ebengekho utata wakhe ebulewe yibhombu, ngekhe akwazi ukudibana nemvumi uJuanes, isithixo sakhe. Ibali lenzeka ngo-2006, eCocorná, idolophu ekufutshane naseMedellín, unyaka emva kokuba imvumi iqalile isiseko seMi Sangre, ukunceda amaxhoba emigodi yabasebenzi baseColombia. Intatheli yaseColombia u-Alberto Salcedo Ramos uxela iinkcukacha zentlanganiso.

IBIOGRAFI

Libali elimalunga nobomi kunye nomsebenzi womntu ochaphazelekayo, apho kukho amaxesha abalulekileyo ebomini bakhe.

Ubomi bakhe kunye nendalo yonke. Umbhali wale tekisi, uWalter Isaacson, wayenofikelelo kwiziko eligcina u-Einstein, apho kukho imbalelwano yabucala. Ndiyabulela kule fayile, umbhali ubonelela ngeakhawunti yomlinganiswa kunye nexesha lakhe, kunye nomfanekiso eneenkcukacha wobomi bakhe babucala. Impumelelo ka-Einstein yayihambelana nokubuza kwakhe iinyaniso ezamkelweyo kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukulahlekelwa kukumangaliswa kwakhe.
UChurchill, ibhayografi. Umbhali wayo, u-Andrew Roberts, wasebenzisa uthotho lwamaxwebhu angazange abonwe ngaphambili ukubalisa, ngokweenkcukacha, ubuso bomntu ka Churchill. Kuwo onke amaphepha, ubomi bezopolitiko buvezwa ukusuka ebuntwaneni kuye ekunciphiseni kwakhe.

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