Igalelo lika-Aristotle

Umxholo

• Imisebenzi ka-Aristotle
• Imizekelo yegalelo lika-Aristotle

UAristotle wase-Estagira (I-384 BC-322 BC) yayisisithandi sobulumko saseMakedoni kwimpucuko yakudala yamaGrike, ethathelwa ingqalelo phakathi kwezona ngcinga ziphambili zaseNtshona kwaye izimvo zazo, zaqokelelwa kwizivumelwano ezingama-200 apho kuphela ezingama-31 zisalondoloziwe, ziye zasebenza kwaye zanefuthe kwimbali yethu yobukrelekrele. ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamawaka amabini.

Imibhalo yakhe yayijongana nenani elikhulu lezinto ezinomdla, ukusuka kwingcinga, ezopolitiko, imigaqo yokuziphatha, ifiziksi, kunye nokubhala, ukuya kwimibongo, ngeenkwenkwezi nakwibhayoloji; imimandla yolwazi apho ibidlala khona indima yenguqu, kwezinye iimeko isisiseko: ezakhe yayizizifundo zokuqala ezilandelelanayo ze-logic kunye ne-biology kwimbali.

Wayengumfundi wezinye izithandi zobulumko ezibalulekileyo ezinjengoPlato noEudoxus, kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini apho waqeqeshwa khona kwiAkhademi yaseAthene, isixeko esinye awayeza kuthi kamva afumane kuso iLyceum., indawo apho wayeza kufundisa khona ade awe umfundi wakhe, uAlexander waseMakedoni, okwabizwa ngokuba nguAlexander omkhulu. Emva koko wayeya kwisixeko saseChalcis, apho wayeza kufa ngonyaka olandelayo.

Uhambo luka-Aristotle lilitye lembombo lezesayensi kunye nefilosofi, kwaye uhlala ehlonishwa kwiinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe, iintetho kunye neempapasho.

Imisebenzi ka-Aristotle

Imisebenzi ebhalwe ngu-Aristotle esele ihleli kuthi ingama-31, nangona ukubhalwa kwayo eminye kungoku nje kuyaphikiswa. Umnxeba ICorpus aristotelicum (Umzimba ka-Aristotelian), nangona kunjalo, ifundwa kuhlelo lwayo lwasePrussia ngu-Inmanuel Bekker, eveliswe phakathi kowe-1831-1836 kwaye uninzi lwezihloko zalo zisasele kwisiLatin.

• Unyango lweLogic: Iindidi (Udidi, Ukutolika (Ngokutolika), Uhlalutyo lokuqala (UhlalutyoImizuzwana yohlalutyo (Umva AnalyticaIzihloko (Umxholo), Ukuphikiswa kweSophistic (Ngu sophisticis elenchis).
• Unyango lweFiziksi: Ngokwasemzimbeni (IPhysicaNgasentla kwesibhakabhaka (Ka caeloMalunga nesizukulwana kunye nenkohliso (Kwisizukulwana kunye nokonakalaIMeteorology (Zemozulu, Kwindalo iphela (Yehlabathi,) Yomphefumlo (Ngu-anima, Unyango oluncinci kwindalo (Parva yendaloUkuphefumla ()Ngomoya), Imbali yezilwanyana (Imbali yezezimali, Iinxalenye zezilwanyana (Nge-partibus animaliumUkuhamba kwezilwanyana (Ukusukamotu animaliumUkuqhubela phambili kwezilwanyana (Ngu incessu animalium), Isizukulwana sezilwanyana (Ngohlobo lwe-animaliumImibala (Ngombala webalaKwizinto zophicotho-zincwadi (Ngophicotho-zincwadi, Physiognomonic (Umzimba wengqondo, Kwizityalo (Ngu plantis, Ngezimanga eziviweyo (Nge-mirabilibus auscultationibus), Oomatshini (IMechanica), Iingxaki (Ingxaki, Kwimigca engabonakaliyo (Ngomgca we-insecabilibus), Iindawo zemimoya (Ventorum situs), Melisos, Xenophanes kunye neGorgias (isifinyezo MXG).
• Unyango kwimetaphysics: IMetaphysics (IMetaphysica).
• Imigaqo yokuziphatha neyesivumelwano: Imigaqo yokuziphatha yaseNicomachean (UEthica Nicomachea), Ukuziphatha okuhle (IMagna moralia), Iindlela zokuziphatha ezithandwayo (I-Ethica Eudemia), Incwadana engezinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga (De ideutibus et vitiis libellus, Ezopolitiko (EzopolitikoUqoqosho (Uqoqosho) kunye noMgaqo-siseko wase-Athene (Athenaion politea).
• Unyango lwerhetoric kunye nezibongo: Ubugcisa bokubhala (Rhetorica), URhetoric kuAlexander (Rhetorica ad Alexandrumkunye neePoetics (Iimpawu zemibongo).

Imizekelo yegalelo lika-Aristotle

1. Wazakhela eyakhe inkqubo yefilosofi. Echasene neengcamango zomfundisi-ntsapho wakhe uPlato, ekwathi kuye umhlaba wenziwa ziindiza ezimbini: ezinengqiqo nezingavakaliyo, uAristotle wacebisa ukuba umhlaba awunamacandelo. Yiyo loo nto egxeka i "Theory yeefom" katitshala wakhe, owathi ilizwe lezimvo lilizwe eliyinyani kwaye ilizwe eliqondakalayo liyimbonakalo yalo. Ku-Aristotle, izinto zenziwe ngumcimbi kunye nefom, ngokungaguqukiyo ngokudibeneyo, kwaye inyani yabo inokufikelelwa kuphela, oko kukuthi, ngamava.

1. Unguyise osisiseko seengcinga. Iinkqubo zokuqala zophando kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokunyaniseka okanye ukungasebenzi kwendlela yokuqiqa zibangelwa sesi sithandi sobulumko samaGrike, ngokwakhiwa kodidi lwe syllogism (ukuncitshiswa). Ngamazwi akhe, le "yintetho (iilogo) apho, kusekwe izinto ezithile, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwa zizo, kuba ziyiyo, zinenye into eyahlukileyo ”; Oko kukuthi, indlela yokuthintela izigqibo kwiseti yendawo. Le nkqubo yenze ukuba kufundwe indlela yokuqiqa ngokwayo malunga nokunyaniseka okanye ukungasebenzi kwendawo. Imodeli ehlala isebenza kude kube namhlanje.

1. Wabeka umgaqo wokungaphikisani. Elinye igalelo elikhulu kwilogic yayingumgaqo wokungangqubani, ocacisa ukuba isindululo kunye nokuchaswa kwayo akunakuba yinyani ngaxeshanye nangengqondo efanayo. Yiyo loo nto nasiphi na isizathu esibonisa ukungqubana kunokuthathwa njengobuxoki. U-Aristotle ukwenze konke okusemandleni akhe ekufundeni ubuxoki (ukuqiqa okungavumelekanga), apho wafumanisa kwaye wahlula iindidi ezilishumi elinesithathu eziphambili.

1. Ucebise ukwahlula ifilosofi. Ngala maxesha, ifilosofi yayiqondwa njengo "kufundwa kwenyaniso", ke into eyayibangela umdla ibanzi. Endaweni yoko u-Aristotle ucebise uthotho lwamacandelo asekwe kuwo: ingqiqo, awayeyithatha njengoluleko; ifilosofi yethiyori, eyenziwe yifiziksi, imathematics kunye ne-metaphysics; kunye nefilosofi ebonakalayo, equka imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko.

1. Wacebisa imigaqo yokuziphatha okuhle. U-Aristotle wayekhusela isidima somoya, oko kukuthi, ezo zazinento yokwenza nesizathu somntu, esathi sahlulwa kubini: ingqiqo nentando. Ngazo, umntu wayenokulawula indawo yakhe engekho ngqiqweni. Le migaqo yayiya kusebenza kumjelo opheleleyo wezikolo zefilosofi ezizayo, ezahlulahlula umntu phakathi kwento engenangqondo nengacacanga eya kuthi izalwe ngomnye umzimba, enjengokwahlulwa kobuKristu phakathi komphefumlo ongafiyo kunye nomzimba ofayo.

1. Wayityhila ingcamango yamandulo yeefom zikarhulumente. Le ithiyori yathathwa ngokungatshintshanga kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezizayo kwaye ixhasa uninzi lwenkqubo yethu yangoku yokuhlelwa kwezopolitiko. U-Aristotle ucebise ngeendlela ezintandathu zikarhulumente, ezahlulwe ngokokufuna kwazo okanye hayi ukufuna ukulungelwa komntu wonke kunye nenani labalawuli abakhoyo:

• Oorhulumente abafuna okuhle:
  • Ukuba umntu omnye ulawula: Ubukumkani
  • Ukuba bambalwa umthetho: Aristocracy
  • Ukuba baninzi balawula: Idemokhrasi
• Imigaqo ethotyiweyo kubo:
  • Ukuba umntu omnye ulawula: Ubuzwilakhe
  • Ukuba bambalwa umthetho: Oligarchy
  • Ukuba baninzi balawula: Iidemogoguery

Lo mbhalo ka-Aristoteli kunye nemizekelo emininzi iye yanceda ababhali-mbali ukuba baphinde bavuselele uluntu lwaseGrisi lwelo xesha.

1. Wacebisa imodeli ye-astronomical ye-geocentric. Le modeli icinga ngomhlaba njengesiqhelo (nangona ujikeleze) apho iinkwenkwezi zijikeleze khona kwigumbi elingqukuva. Lo mzekelo uhlala usebenza kwiinkulungwane, de kwaba nguNicolás Copernicus ngekhulu le-16 wazisa imodeli eyayibeka iLanga njengeziko lendalo yonke.

1. Uvelise ithiyori ebonakalayo yezinto ezine. Ithiyori yakhe yomzimba ibisekwe kubukho bezinto ezine zokuqala: amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, umlilo kunye neether. Elowo wabela intshukumo yendalo, eyile: ezimbini zokuqala zaya kumbindi wendalo, ezimbini ezilandelayo zasuka kuyo, kwaye i-ether yajikeleza iziko elo. Le ngcamango yahlala isebenza de kube nguSayensi yeNguqulelo yekhulu le-16 nele-17.

1. Wayehambisa ithiyori yesizukulwana esivelayo. Ifezekiswe nguJan Van Helmont ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe kwaye ekugqibeleni yaphikiswa zizifundo zikaLouis Pasteur, le ngcamango yokuvela nje kobomi icebise ukudalwa kobomi kumanzi, umbethe okanye ukubila, enkosi kumandla avelisa ubomi avela kumbandela, othi Wabhaptiza njenge intelechy.

1. Ukubeka iziseko zethiyori yoncwadi. Phakathi kweyakho Iingxelo kunye neyakhe Imibongo, UAristotle wafunda iintlobo zolwimi kunye nemibongo, ekoyisa ukukrokra kukaPlato ngeembongi (awayebagxothe kuye IRiphabliki ukuzidwelisa njengamaxoki), kwaye ngokwenza njalo wabeka iziseko zophando lwefilosofi yezobugcisa kunye nobugcisa boncwadi, awathi wahlulahlula ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

• Uluhlu Umanduleli webali, unomlamli (umbalisi) okhumbula okanye obalisa ngeziganeko kwaye ke ukude kakhulu nenyaniso yazo.
• Intlungu. Ngokuphinda uvelise iminyhadala kwaye uyenze ukuba yenzeke phambi koluntu, le fomu yokumelwa yeyona iphambili ku-Aristotle kwaye yeyona ifezekisa ezona njongo zintle, kuba imele umntu ngcono kunaye, kunye nokuwa kwakhe.
• Ukuhlekisa. Iyafana nentlekele, kodwa imele amadoda amabi ngakumbi kunawo. Iziqwengana zezifundo ezihlekisayo Imibongo Ngelishwa iAristotle ilahlekile.