Umxholo
A i-autocrat okanye i-autocratic okanye inkokeli egunyazisiweyo yinkokeli yeqela labantu, isizwe okanye uluntu ngubani Amagunya anikezelwe ukuthatha izigqibo ngokupheleleyo, uku-odolwa kunye nolwalathiso olupheleleyoyokuseta, ngomyalelo owahlukileyo nongathandabuzekiyo, odla ngokuzinziswa kulawulo olungenakoyiswa lweziganeko zamandla. Kwezopolitiko, kubizwa iinkokheli zobuzwilakhe oozwilakhe okanye oozwilakhe.
Ngale ndlela, Ukuzimela geqe kuya kuba ngumzekelo worhulumente obeka onke amagunya oluntu ezandleni zomntu omnye nako konke ukubanakho ukwenza izigqibo, kwanaxa bechasene nomdla wabantu ngokwabo okanye bathobela iminqweno okanye izibonelelo zobuqu zenkokeli. Ngokubanzi, ezi ntlobo zolawulo zisekwa ngokunyanzelwa.
Isenokuqwalaselwa njengemodeli yolawulo ephikisana nedemokhrasi, apho uninzi lonyula abameli babo ukuba bakhokele uluntu kwaye kukho iindlela zokulawula, ukongamela okanye ukuphazamisa eli gunya. Kwidemokhrasi, amandla awavumeli ukubuzwa ngentando yenkokeli.
Ookumkani be-absolutist, oozwilakhe balo naluphi na uphawu lwezopolitiko kunye neenkokheli ezingoozwilakhe zeqela elithile lolwaphulo-mthetho banokuba yimizekelo emihle yoku.
Iimpawu zenkokeli ezimeleyo
Abazimeleyo ngokubanzi babonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Banobukrakra kwaye bema emandleni bekhetha iimfuno ezihlanganisiweyo.
- Babambe onke amandla esigqibo kwaye basinyanzela kwabanye ngokunyanzelwa (kwezomthetho, kwezomkhosi, kwezoqoqosho nangokwasemzimbeni).
- Abavumeli ukubuzwa kwegunya labo kwaye ngokukhawuleza bayalela zonke iindlela zenkcaso okanye ukugxeka.
- Babonisa utyekelo lweparanoia kunye nokubambelela kumandla ngazo zonke iindlela.
- Azinikwanga ukugxeka okanye ukuqonda, kodwa bahlala becinga ukuba yeyona ilungileyo okanye eyona ilungele ukukhokela abanye.
- Uyasongela, ohlwaye kwaye atshutshise abo bangaphantsi kwakhe, ukuze agcine ulungelelwaniso oluthile.
Ubunkokeli obuzimele geqe kuShishino lweLizwe
Iimodeli zobunkokeli ezizimeleyo, ezibonisa ukuzincama kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngenxa yenkqubo engqongqo okanye ukusebenza ngokukuko, zihlala zibuzwa kwilizwe elidibeneyo.
Inyaniso, Umahluko wenziwe kulwimi lweshishini phakathi kwamanani "omphathi" kunye "nenkokeli" Ngokusekwe kufutshane kubasebenzi abaqhelekileyo, ukuthambeka kwakhe kwimibono emitsha, unyango oluthe tyaba kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukukhuthaza endaweni yokoyikisa abo bangaphantsi kwakhe.
Imizekelo yeenkokheli ezizimeleyo
- UAdolfo Hitler. Mhlawumbi inkokheli yolawulo lwentando yesininzi ngokugqwesa, ungomnye wabalinganiswa aboyikekayo kwimbali yoluntu, inkokeli yobuNazi kunye nomabi welinye lawona maqhinga otshabalalisayo nangocwangco acwangciswe ngokobuhlanga ngalo lonke ixesha. Ulawulo lukaHitler kubukhosi baseJamani ngelo xesha (i-self-styled III Reich) yayi-ironclad okoko iNational Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) yathatha amandla ngo-1934 yayibiza Umlawuli (isikhokelo) ngamagunya obuninzi bokukhokela ilizwe ngokuthanda. Oku kwakhokelela iJamani ukuba iqale iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, apho uHitler wazibulala khona.
- UFidel Castro. Enye yezona mpawu zidumileyo neziphikisanayo zezopolitiko kwilizwekazi laseLatin American, eliphakanyiswe ngumvukeli oshiyekileyo njengophawu lomzabalazo olwa ne-impiriyalizim yaseNyakatho Melika. U-Castro wakhokela i-guerrilla yenguqu yabasaleli ngokuchasene nomlawuli owayenguzwilakhe waseCuba uFulgencio Batista. Lo msitho wawusaziwa njengoHlaziyo lweCuba kwaye wazisa iQela lamaKomanisi laseCuba, phantsi kwegunya elilodwa nelikhethekileyo likaFidel, ukusuka ekuphumeleleni kwakhe ngo-1959 ukuya ku-2011., xa washiya umntakwabo uRaúl esemandleni. Ngexesha kurhulumente wakhe, uluntu lwaseCuba lwaluguquke kakhulu kwaye babulawa, batshutshiswa kwaye bathinjwa ngenkani.
- UMarcos Pérez Jiménez. Umkhosi waseVenezuela kunye nozwilakhe, walawula iVenezuela ukusukela ngo-1952 ukuya kowe-1958, emva komkhosi owawuthatha inxaxheba ethatha izintambo zelizwe, esusa umongameli onyulwe ngokusemthethweni, umbhali uRómulo Gallegos. Urhulumente wakhe wobuzwilakhe wayenokusikwa okwangoku kwaye enxulunyaniswa nenkunkuma yeoyile bonanza, ngaphandle kwentshutshiso, ukungcungcuthekiswa kunye nokubulawa apho abeka khona abachasi bakhe bezopolitiko. Ekugqibeleni wancitshiswa phakathi koqhanqalazo ngokubanzi kunye noqhushululu olwamnyanzela ekuthinjweni eDominican Republic naseFranco eSpain.
- URobert Mugabe. Umpolitiki wase-Zimbabwe kunye nomkhosi, oyintloko kurhulumente welizwe lakhe ukusukela ngo-1987 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukuqalisa kwakhe ukulawula emva kwenkululeko yaseZimbabwe, nalapho athe wathabatha inxaxheba njengegorha lesizwe, kwamiselwa urhulumente wengcinezelo enobundlobongela ngokuchasene nabachasi bakhe, ubuqhetseba bolawulo lwentando yesininzi kunye noonondyebo bakarhulumente, nelifake ilizwe kwimbambano yezemali. Ukwatyholwa ngokuba ngoyena nobangela wokubulawa kwabantu ngobuhlanga okwenzeka phakathi konyaka ka 1980 ukuya ku1987, owashiya amaNdebele okanye abemi baseMatabele abangama-20 000 bebulawa.
- UFrancisco Franco. Umkhosi waseSpain nozwilakhe, Ukudilika umbuso ngo-1936 kwayiphelisa iRiphabhlikhi yesiBini yaseSpain kwaza kwaqala iMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseSpain eyayinegazi (1936-1939), apho ke uFranco ngokwakhe wayeza kuthatha isikhundla sika "Caudillo de España" de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1975. Ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe wayeyiNtloko kaRhulumente elawulayo nenguzwilakhe.
- URafael Leonidas Trujillo. Ebizwa ngegama "El Jefe" okanye "El Benefactor", wayeyindoda yasemkhosini yaseDominican eyayilawula esi siqithi ngenqindi lesinyithi iminyaka engama-31, ngokuthe ngqo nangokusebenzisa oomongameli boonopopi. Eli xesha kwimbali yezopolitiko yeli lizwe yaziwa ngokuba yi-El Trujillato kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenye yezobuzwilakhe obumnyama nobona bungqwabalala eLatin America.. Urhulumente wakhe wayechasene nobukomanisi, enengcinezelo, enenkululeko yoluntu phantse engekhoyo kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okuqhubekayo, kunye nenkolo ephawulwe ngobuntu benkokeli.
- UJorge Rafael Videla. Umkhosi waseArgentina kunye nozwilakhe, owenyuka ngamandla ngo-1976 yayiyimveliso yomkhosi wobhukuqo-mbuso owabhukuqa urhulumente walowo-owayengumongameli u-Isabel Martínez de Perón kwaye wafaka ijunta yomkhosi emandleni, Kungoko kwaqala ixesha elibi leNkqubo yoLungelelwaniso lweSizwe, apho amawaka abantu abanyamalalayo, baxhwilwa, bangcungcuthekiswa, babulawa kwaye batshutshiswa ngokungenanceba.. UVidela wayengumongameli phakathi kowe-1976 nowe-1981, nangona ubuzwilakhe bungazukuwa kude kube ngo-1983, emva komkhosi kunye nentlekele yabantu eyayiliMfazwe kaMalvinas ngokuchasene neGreat Britain.
- UAnastasio Somoza Debayle. Uzwilakhe waseNicaragua, indoda yasemkhosini nosomashishini owazalelwa eNicaragua ngo-1925 waza wabulawa e-Asunción, eParaguay, ngo-1980. Wongamela ilizwe lakhe phakathi konyaka we-1967 nowe-1972, emva koko phakathi ko-1974 nowe-1979, Ukugcina nakwelixesha lokungenelela kulawulo olungqongqo nolugqibeleleyo lwesizwe njengoMlawuli woMkhosi weSizwe. Wayengowokugqibela kusapho lwee-autocrats ezazicinezela kakubi iSandinista Revolution. Ungumnini weenkampani ezingaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweNicaragua, warhoxa waya elubhacweni, nalapho wabulawa ngumlawuli wenguqu.
- UMao Tse Tung. Ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Mao Zedong, wayengumlawuli ophambili weqela lamaKomanisi e-China xa labamba amandla kwilizwe liphela ngo-1949, emva kokuphumelela iMfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokubhengeza iRiphabhlikhi Yabantu base China, awayelawula de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1976. Urhulumente wakhe wayengu-Marxist-Leninist enotshintsho olunzulu nolunobundlobongela kwezentlalo olwalunempikiswano enkulu ngexesha lakhe, kwaye oko kwakha inkolo enzulu ejikeleze ubuntu bakhe..
- UMargaret Thatcher. Owabizwa ngokuba ngu "Iron Lady", emnika ulawulo olungqongqo kuyilo lwelizwe, waba ngowasetyhini wokuqala ukunyulwa njenge-Nkulumbuso yase-Great Britain ngo-1979, isikhundla awasibambayo kwade kwangunyaka ka-1990. Urhulumente wakhe ozigcinayo nozimeleyo wayebaphatha gadalala abo babemgxeka, nangona babephakathi kwemida yedemokhrasi. Ngexesha lokuphatha kwakhe utshintsho olukhulu eNgilane lwenziwa kwaye iArgentina yoyiswa kwiMfazwe yaseFalklands.
