Antibiotic (kwaye zezantoni)

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yezibulala-ntsholongwane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo

Inkqubo ye- iyeza lokubulala iintsholongwane Ziyi- uhlobo lweekhemikhali ethathwe kwizinto eziphilayo okanye eyenziweyo eyenziweyo, eyona nto iphambili kuyo kuthintela ukukhula kunye nokusasazeka kwamagciwane athile abuthathaka kwifomula yawo.

Inkqubo ye- iyeza lokubulala iintsholongwane Zisetyenziselwa unyango lwabantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ngokuchasene nosulelo oluvela kwimvelaphi yebacteria, yiyo loo nto zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-antibacterials.

Ngokubanzi, i Unyango lweantibiotic isebenza njengenye ichemotherapy, Oko kukuthi, ukukhukhumalisa umzimba ngezinto ezinobungozi kubomi beselula, apho amagciwane I-pathogen okanye i-invader inovakalelo ngakumbi kune- iiseli Ubungqina.

Ubuntununtunu bokuthi iintsholongwane ichukunyiswe kukusetyenziswa ngokungakhethiyo kwee-antibiotics, ukukhuthaza iintlobo ezinganyangekiyo kubo. Ngesi sizathu, izizukulwana ezitsha ezinamandla ngakumbi okanye ngakumbi isenzo esithile samachiza kuye kwafuneka ukuba zidityaniswe.

Imizekelo yezibulala-ntsholongwane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo

• IPenicillin. Kuthathwe kwifungus penicillium nguEnerst Duchesne ngo-1897 kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngengozi ngu-Alexander Fleming, yeyokuqala iyeza elungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okubulala iintsholongwane. Ke ngoko, iintlobo ezininzi zebacteria sele zinqabile kuyo, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokusetyenziswa ngokuchasene ne-pneumococci, streptococci kunye ne-staphylococci, kunye noluhlu olubanzi losulelo esiswini, egazini, emathanjeni, emalungeni nakwiimengesisi. Kukho izigulana ezichasene nefomula yazo ezingenakuphathwa ngayo.
• IArsphenamine. Iyeza lokuqala elifanelekileyo, kuba lalisetyenziswa ngaphambi kwepenicillin ngokuchasene negcushuwa. Ikhutshwe kwi-arsenic, ihlolwe kaninzi de ayisiyityhefu kwisigulana, nangona izixa ezikhulu zisabulala. Yafuduswa yipenicillin, ekhuselekileyo nenempumelelo ngakumbi.
• Erythromycin. Iyeza lokuqala leqela leemacrolides, oko kukuthi, elinikwe amakhonkco eemolekyuli ze-lactone, lafunyanwa kwi-1952 kwiibhaktheriya zomhlaba wasePhilippines. Isebenza ngokubonakalayo ngokuchasene nayo Igram enobungozi yamathumbu kunye nokuphefumla, kunye neChlamydia ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kodwa ineziphumo ebezingalunganga.
• Kanamycin. Ukusetyenziswa kuthintelwe ngenxa yetyhefu yayo ephezulu, i-Kanamycin isebenza ngakumbi ngokuchasene nesifo sephepha, isifo sokukrala kwebele, nephritis, septicemia, inyumoniya, i-actinobacillosis kwaye ngakumbi iintlobo ezinganyangekiyo ne-erythromycin. Iyasetyenziswa, kunye namanye amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, njengelungiselelo lokusebenza kwikholoni.
• I-Amikacin. Ukusuka kwiqela lama-aminoglycosides, isebenza kwinkqubo yebacteria yokuhlanganiswa kwe protein, ukubathintela ekuveliseni izakhiwo zeeselfowuni. Inye yeyeza elisebenzayo elichasene neentsholongwane ezinganyangekiyo kulo lonke iqela lazo kwaye lisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinzima ze-sepsis, okanye ngokuchasene nezinto ezinobungozi kakhulu ze-gram-negative.
• Clarithromycin. Ukungeniswa ngoososayensi baseJapan ngo-1970, xa babefuna uhlobo lwe-erythromycin oluneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa, isetyenziswa kakhulu kulusu, emabeleni kunye nasekuphefumlweni, kunye nakwizigulana ze-HIV ukujongana Mycobacterium avium.
• I-Azithromycin. Isuselwe kwi-erythromycin kunye nesiqingatha sobomi obude, idosi yayo elawulwayo kanye ngemini. Isebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene ne-bronchitis, inyumoniya, kunye nezifo ezosulela ngesondo okanye zomchamo, kunye nosulelo lwabantwana.
• Ciprofloxacin. Isibuko esibanzi, sihlasela ngokuthe ngqo i-DNA yebhaktiriya, siyithintele ekuveliseni kwakhona. Ukusebenza ngokuchasene noluhlu olude lweebhaktiriya, ihlala igcinelwe imeko engxamisekileyo ye-antibiotic, kuba ikhuselekile kwaye iyakhawuleza, kodwa lelona qela linganyangekiyo kuzo zonke i-antibiotics: i-fluoroquinolones.
• ICefadroxil. Ukusuka kwiqela lesizukulwana sokuqala, i-cephalosporins ebanzi, le antibiotic iyasebenza ngokuchasene nosulelo lolusu (amanxeba, ukutshisa), inkqubo yokuphefumla, amathambo, izicubu ezithambileyo kunye nosulelo lwamalungu.
• Ifoto: Loracarbef. Kubonakaliswe kwimeko ye-otitis, i-sinusitis, i-pneumonia, i-pharyngitis okanye i-tonsillitis, kodwa kunye nosulelo lomchamo, leyeza lokubulala iintsholongwane lisuselwa kwisizukulwana sesibini se-cephalosporins, eyiklasi entsha: mzantsiweb.
• IVancomycin. Ukusuka kwi-odolo ye-glycopeptides, ngokwemvelo ifihliwe ziibhaktheriya ezithile ze-nocardial. Isebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene ne-gram eyakhayo, hayi intsholongwane, ibacteria kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, nangona uninzi lweentlobo zemvelo luxhathisa amayeza.
• Amoxicillin. Isiphumo sepenicillin, enobubanzi obubanzi, esebenzayo kunyango lwezifo zokuphefumla nolusu kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweebhaktiriya, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa rhoqo kunyango lomntu nolwezilwanyana.
• Ampicillin. Ikwafumaneka kwi-penicillin, ibisetyenziswa kakhulu ukusukela ngo-1961 ngokuchasene ne-meningococci kunye nee-listerias, kunye ne-pneumococci kunye ne-streptococci, kodwa ngakumbi i-enterococci.
• UAztreonam. Imvelaphi yokwenziwa kwayo inesiphumo esisebenzayo kodwa esincinci kakhulu: i-aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Yeyona nto inokubuyisela endaweni kwizigulana ezinokuthanani neepenicillin, ukuba nje zifanelekile.
• Bacitracin. Igama lalo livela kwintombazana leyo i-tibia yayo ibhaktheriya eyenziwe kuyo yakhutshwa: uTracy. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukusikwa kunye nangaphandle, kuba kuyingozi kuyo izintso, kodwa iluncedo ngokuchasene ne-bacteria ene-gram enezilonda kunye neembumba ezinomhluzi. Yenye yezibulala-ntsholongwane ezinoxanduva lokuvela kweentsholongwane eziyingozi nezinganyangekiyo.
• Uncedo. Yeyetetracyclines, iluncedo ngokuchasene negram yeentsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane ezimbi, kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo ngokuchasene nenyumoniya, amabala, igcushuwa, isifo seLyme kunye nemalariya.
• Clofazimine. Yenziwe ngo-1954 ngokuchasene nesifo sephepha, esingasebenzi kakuhle kuyo, kwaye yajika yaba yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezichasene neqhenqa.
• IPyrazinamide. Ngokudityaniswa namanye amayeza, lunyango oluphambili lwesifo sephepha.
• Isulfadiazine. Imiselwe ikakhulu ngokuchasene nosulelo lwe-urinary tract, kunye ne-toxoplasmosis, isetyenziselwa ukuthamba njengoko izisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezifana ne-vertigo, isicaphucaphu, urhudo kunye neanorexia.
• IColistin. Ukusebenza ngokuchasene nayo yonke i-gram ye-bacill ye-gram kunye ne-bacterial polyresistant efana ne Pseudomonas aeruginosa okanye Acinetobacter, Ukutshintsha ukugcwala kwembumba yeseli. Nangona kunjalo, inokuba nefuthe le-neuro kunye nephrotoxic.