Umxholo
A UbuxokiKwintsimi yeengcinga, yimpikiswano okanye ukuqiqa okubonakala kufanelekile xa ujonga kuqala, kodwa ayisiyiyo. Nokuba uzibophelele ngabom, ngenjongo yokukhohlisa kunye nokukhohlisa (ubuchwephesha), okanye ngokungathandekiyo (paralogism), ubuxoki buxakeke kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yokuphambuka kwezentlalo, ezinje ngezopolitiko, intetho, inzululwazi okanye inkolo.
UAristotle igunyazise ubukho be Iindidi ezilishumi elinesithathu zobuxoki, kodwa namhlanje siyazi isixa esiphezulu kakhulu kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlelwa ukuze siziqonde. Ngokubanzi, a impikiswano Ayizukuxoka xa inokutsala okanye isebenze ngokufanelekileyo, iyinyani kwaye ithethelele indawo, kwaye ingangeni kwifowuni kucenga umbuzo.
Ingakukhonza: Imizekelo yezigwebo eziyinyani nezibuxoki
Imizekelo yeempazamo
Isicelo somgaqo.
Kukukhohlisa okubonakaliswa kukuqulatha isiphelo sempikiswano ukuba kuvavanywe ngokungagungqiyo okanye ngokucacileyo ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhoyo kuyo. Ke ngoko luhlobo lwesetyhula yokuqiqa, apho isiphelo sikhomba kwisiseko ngokwaso. Umzekelo: "Ndinyanisile, kuba ndinguyihlo kwaye abazali bakho bahlala bechanekile."
Ukuqinisekiswa kwesiphumo.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba umva impazamo, obu buxoki buqinisekisa ubunyani besiseko esiphethweni, ngokuchasene nengqiqo yomgca. Umzekelo: “Nanini na xa kukho ikhephu, kuyabanda. Njengokuba kubanda, emva koko kuyakhithika ”.
Ukwenza ngokungxama.
Obu buxoki buzoba kwaye bungqinisise isiphetho kwiindawo ezingonelanga, sandise ukuqiqa kuwo onke amatyala anokubakho. Umzekelo: “Utata uyayithanda i-broccoli. Udadewethu uyayithanda ibroccoli. Usapho lonke luyayithanda i-broccoli. "
Thumela i-hoc ergo propter hoc.
Obu buxoki bubizwa ngegama lesiLatini eliguqulela "emva koku, ngenxa yoku" kwaye ikwabizwa ngokuba kukudibana okungahambelaniyo okanye ubuxoki bobuxoki. Unika isiphelo kwingqikelelo ngento elula yokuba zenzeka ngokulandelelana. Umzekelo: “Ilanga liyaphuma emva kokuba ilile inkuku. Ilanga liyaphuma kuba umqhagi uyakhala ”.
Ubuxoki beSniper.
Igama lalo liphefumlelwe ngumtyholwa otyhola ibhali ngokungacwangciswanga emva koko wapenda ithagethi kwithaji nganye, ukubhengeza injongo yakhe elungileyo. Obu buxoki buqukethe ukuphathwa kolwazi olungahambelaniyo kude kube kufikelelwe kuhlobo oluthile lwesiphumo esisengqiqweni phakathi kwabo. Ikwachaza ukuhambisa ngokuzenzekelayo. Umzekelo: “Namhlanje ndiphuphe ndineminyaka elishumi elinesibini ubudala. Kwilotto inani u-3 laphuma.Iphupha lamlumkisa kuba u-1 + 2 = 3 ''.
Inkohliso yobuxoki.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba kukunganyaniseki kwendoda, ikwicraficic yeempikiswano ezichaseneyo, ukuze uhlasele ingxelo ebuthathaka kwaye ubonakalise ukuphakama kwengxoxo. Njengokuba:
– Ndicinga ukuba abantwana akufuneki baphume emva kwexesha.
– Andiqondi ukuba kufuneka umgcine evalelwe ejele de abe ukhulile
Isibongozo esikhethekileyo sobuxoki.
Ibandakanya ukumangalela umchasi ngokuswela ubuntununtunu, ulwazi okanye igunya lokuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo-mpikiswano, ke oko kumenza angafaneleki njengongenakulungela inqanaba elisezantsi eliyimfuneko lokuphikiswa. Njengokuba:
– Andivumelani nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ombane namanzi ukusuka kolunye usuku ukuya kolulandelayo.
– Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba akukho nto uyiqondayo malunga nezoqoqosho.
Ubuxoki bendlela engeyonyani.
Yaziwa njenge I-herring ebomvu (I-herring ebomvu, ngesiNgesi), imalunga nokuphambukisa ingqalelo kwingxoxo mpikiswano iye kwesinye isihloko, njengendlela emnandi yokufihla ubuthathaka bempikiswano ngokwazo. Njengokuba:
– Ngaba awuvumelani nesigwebo esicetywayo kumdlwenguli? Ngaba awukhathali nokuba amawakawaka abazali acinga ntoni ngayo?
Ukuphikisana nokuthula.
Impikiswano evela ekuxoleni bubuxoki obutsala isiphelo kuthule okanye ukungabikho kobungqina, oko kukuthi, ekuthuleni okanye ukwala ukuveza ulwazi malunga nomchasi. Njengokuba:
– Ungasithetha kakuhle isiJamani?
– Lulwimi lwesibini kum.
– Masibone, ndifundele umbongo.
– Andazi namnye.
– Ke awusazi isiJamani.
Ingxoxo yeziphumo.
Obu buxoki buquka ukuvavanya ubunyani besiseko ngokubhekisele kwindlela ekunqweneleka okanye esingathandeki ngayo izigqibo okanye iziphumo. Njengokuba:
– Andikwazi ukukhulelwa, ukuba bendinjalo, uTata angandibulala.
Ingxoxo ye-baculum.
Impikiswano "ebhenela kwinduku" (ngesiLatin) bubuxoki obuxhasa ubunyani besiseko esisekwe kwisoyikiso sobundlobongela, ukunyanzelisa okanye isoyikiso sokuba ukungamkeli kuya kumela umntu othethelelayo okanye umchasi. Njengokuba:
– Awufanasini. Ukuba beninjalo, besingenakuhlala singabahlobo.
Ingxoxo ye-Ad hominem.
Obu buxoki bujikajika uhlaselo kwiingxoxo zomchasi buye emntwini, lubaphazamisa ngokwandiswa kuhlaselo lomntu. Njengokuba:
– Iimali-mboleko zexesha elide ziya kulungisa ukusilela kwemali.
– Utsho kuba ungusozigidi kwaye awazi ngeemfuno.
Impikiswano kwintengiso.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba ngumnxeba wokungazi, iqinisekisa ubunyani okanye ubuxoki besiseko esisekwe kubukho okanye ukungabikho kobungqina bokungqina. Ke, impikiswano ayisekelwanga kulwazi lokwenyani, kodwa kukungazi komntu ochasene naye. Njengokuba:
– Uthi iqela lakho likwisininzi? Andiyikholwa.
– Awunakho ukungqina ngenye indlela, ke yinyani.
Ingxoxo yentengiso ye populum.
Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-populist sophistry, kuthetha ukuba ubunyani bobuxoki okanye ubuxoki besiseko esisekwe kuninzi (olokwenyani okanye olucingelwayo) olucinga ngalo. Njengokuba:
– Andiyithandi itshokholethi.
– Wonke umntu uyayithanda itshokholethi.
Ingxoxo yesikhalazo se-nauseam.
Ubuxoki obuquka ukuphindwaphindwa kwesiseko, ngokungathi ukunyanzelisa into enye kunokubangela ubunyani bayo okanye ubuxoki. Kukukhohlisa okushwankathelwe kwibinzana elidumileyo lomfundisi wepropaganda uJoseph Goebbels: "Ubuxoki obuphindaphindwe kaliwaka buyinyani."
Ukuphikisana nentengiso verecundiam.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba "yingxoxo yegunya", ikhusela ubunyani okanye ubuxoki besiseko esisekwe kwimbono yengcali okanye igunya elithile (eliyinyani okanye elityholwayo) malunga noku. Njengokuba:
– Andiqondi ukuba babebaninzi kangako abantu kulo mboniso.
– Ewe kunjalo. Amaphephandaba ayitsho.
Impikiswano kwintengiso yantlanditatem.
Ubuxoki buquka ukubhenela kwisithethe, oko kukuthi, kuthatha ubunyani besiseko ngokwendlela yesiqhelo yokucinga ngezinto. Njengokuba:
– Umtshato wamaGay awungekhe uvunyelwe, ibonwe nini into enje?
Intengiso novitatem ingxabano.
Yaziwa njengesibheno kwinto entsha, ichasene nesibheno kwisithethe, iphakamisa ubunyani besiseko esisekwe kwimo yaso engashicilelwanga. Njengokuba:
– Andiwuthandi lo mboniso.
– Kodwa ukuba lolona hlobo lutshanje!
Imeko yentengiso eneempikiswano.
Bubuxoki obubangela ukuba impikiswano okanye ubungqina besiphetho sayo, zibathintele ekuphikisweni ngenxa yokuba bengakhange baqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo. Yinto eqhelekileyo yobuntatheli kwaye isebenzisa amagama amaninzi phantsi kwemeko ezithile. Njengokuba:
– Ipolitiki ibinokuphambukisa imali yoluntu ukuze izuze kuye.
Ubuxoki bendalo.
Oku kubonakalisa ubunyani okanye ubuxoki besitetimenti, sisuka kwimpazamo engalunganga yeempawu ezithile zeqela lomntu (umzekelo, abo baphoswa ziinkcukacha manani) kuye nawuphina umntu ngaphandle kokucalula, iinkolelo kwaye ikhethe. Njengokuba:
– Omnye kwabahlaseli abathathu eUnited States umnyama. Ke ngoko, abantsundu kunokwenzeka ukuba bebe.
Ingakukhonza: Imizekelo yokuqiqa
