20 imizekelo yeeCarbohydrate (kunye nomsebenzi wazo) - I-Encyclopedia

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Imizekelo yee-carbohydrate kunye nomsebenzi wazo

Inkqubo ye- iiCarbohydrate, yaziwa njenge iikhabhohayidrethi okanye ii-carbohydrate, zii-biomolecule eziyimfuneko ukubonelela ngamandla kwizinto eziphilayo ngokukhawuleza nangokwakheka, yiyo loo nto zibakhona kulwakhiwo lwezityalo, izilwanyana kunye amakhowa.

Inkqubo ye- iikhabhohayidrethi zenziwe indibaniselwano yeatom Ikhabhoni, iHydrogen kunye neoksijini, eziququzelelwe kwityathanga lekhabhoni kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo, njengeCarbonyl okanye iHydroxyl.

Kungoko igama "Iicarbohydrate" ayichanekanga ncam, kuba ayingombuzo weemolekyuli zekhabhon, uhlobo lweemichiza. Banokubizwa ngokuba siswekile, ii-saccharides, okanye ii-carbohydrate.

Inkqubo ye- iibhondi zemolekyuli Banamandla kwaye banamandla kakhulu ( Uhlobo oludibeneyo), Kungenxa yoko le nto zenza uhlobo lokugcina amandla ngokugqwesa kwikhemistri yobomi, ziyinxalenye yeebhayomolecule ezinkulu ezinje protein okanye iipilisi. Ngokufanayo, ezinye zazo zenza indawo ebalulekileyo kudonga lweseli yesityalo kunye ne-cuticle ye-arthropods.

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo engama-50 yeeCarbohydrate

IiCarbohydrate zohlulwe zaba:

Monosaccharides. Yenziwe yimolekyuli enye yeswekile.
Disaccharides. Idityaniswe iimolekyuli ezimbini zeswekile kunye.
IiOligosaccharides. Yenziwe ngeemolekyuli zeswekile ezintathu ukuya kwezilithoba.
Iipolysaccharides. Imixokelelwane yeswekile ende ebandakanya iimolekyuli ezininzi kwaye zibalulekile kwiipholima zebhayoloji ezinikezelwe kulwakhiwo okanye ekugcineni amandla.

Imizekelo yee-carbohydrate kunye nomsebenzi wazo

Iswekile. Isomeric molecule (enikwe izinto ezifanayo kodwa uyilo olwahlukileyo) lwe-fructose, yeyona ndawo ininzi kwindalo, njengoko ingowona mthombo wamandla kwinqanaba leselfowuni (ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation ye-catabolic).
URibose. Enye yeemolekyuli eziphambili ebomini, iyinxalenye yeebhloko zokwakha ezisisiseko ezifana ne-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) okanye i-RNA (i-ribonucleic acid), ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kweeseli.
Deoxyribose. Ukutshintshwa kweqela le-hydroxyl nge-athomu ye-hydrogen kuvumela i-ribose ukuba iguqulwe ibe yi-deoxysugar, ebalulekileyo ukudibanisa ii-nucleotides ezenza imixokelelwane ye-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) apho kukho ulwazi oluqhelekileyo lwento ephilayo.
UFructose. Ifumaneka kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno, yimolekyuli kadadewethu yeswekile, kunye nayo eyenza iswekile eqhelekileyo.
Glyceraldehyde. Yiswekile yokuqala ye-monosaccharide efunyenwe yifotosinthesisi, ngexesha lesigaba sayo esimnyama (umjikelo kaCalvin). Linyathelo eliphakathi kwiindlela ezininzi zeswekile yemetabolism.
IGalactose. Iswekile elula iguqulwa ibe yiglucose esibindini, ke isebenza njengothutho lwamandla. Kunye nale, ikwakha i-lactose ebisini.
IGlycogen. Ingenakunyibilika emanzini, olu gcino lwamandla lwe-polysaccharide luninzi kwezihlunu, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elincinci esibindini nakwingqondo. Kwiimeko zamandla amandla, umzimba uyinyibilikisa nge-hydrolysis kwi-glucose entsha ukuze uyisebenzise.
Lactose. Idityaniswe kumanyano lwegalactose kunye neswekile, siswekile esisiseko kubisi nakwiimveliso zobisi (itshizi, iyogathi).
Eritrosa. Okwangoku kwinkqubo ye-photosynthetic, ikhona kwindalo kuphela njenge-D-erythrose. Yishukela esinyibilikayo kakhulu enenkangeleko yesiraphu.
Iselulosi. Idityaniswe iiyunithi zeswekile, yeyona biopolymer ininzi emhlabeni, kunye ne-chitin. Iintsinga zodonga lweseli zezityalo zenziwe ngayo, zinika inkxaso, kwaye zizinto eziluhlaza zephepha.
Isitashi. Njengoko i-glycogen yenza ugcino lwezilwanyana, isitatshi siyenzela imifuno. Yi sifiso yee-polysaccharides ezinjenge-amylose kunye ne-amylopectin, kwaye ingumthombo wamandla osetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu kukutya kwabo kwesiqhelo.

Chitin. Yintoni eyenziwa yiselulose kwiiseli zezityalo, i-chitin eyenzayo kwifungus nakwiarthropods, ibanika amandla olwakhiwo (exoskeleton).
IFucosa: I-Monosaccharide esebenza njenge-anchor yeetyathanga zeswekile kwaye ibalulekile kulungelelwaniso lwe-fucoidin, ipolysaccharide yokusetyenziswa kwamayeza.
URamnosa. Igama lalo livela kwisityalo ekwakukhutshwa kuso okokuqala (Rhamnus fragula), yinxalenye ye-pectin kunye nezinye iipolymers zezityalo, kunye nezinto ezincinci ezinje nge-mycobacteria.
Iswekile yeglucosamine. Isetyenziswa njengesongezo sokutya kunyango lwezifo ze-rheumatic, le amino-iswekile yeyona monosaccharide ininzi ikhoyo, ekhoyo kwiindonga zeseli zomngundo nakwiigobolondo zearthropods.
Saccharose. Ikwabizwa ngokuba siswekile eqhelekileyo, ifumaneka kakhulu kwindalo (ubusi, umbona, umoba, ii-beet). Kwaye yeyona iswiti ixhaphakileyo kukutya kwabantu.
Stachyose. Ayicoleki kwaphela ngabantu, yimveliso ye-tetrasaccharide yomanyano we-glucose, i-galactose kunye ne-fructose, ekhoyo kwimifuno nakwizityalo ezininzi. Ingasetyenziselwa njengeswiti yendalo.
Cellobiose. Iswekile ephindwe kabini (ii-glucoses ezimbini) ezibonakala ngexesha lokulahleka kwamanzi kwiselulosi (i-hydrolysis). Akakhululekanga kwindalo.
Matosa. Iswekile yeMalt, eyenziwe ziimolekyuli ezimbini zeswekile, inamandla amakhulu kakhulu (kunye ne-glycemic), kwaye ifunyenwe kwi-barley ehlumayo, okanye nge-hydrolysis yesitashi kunye ne-glycogen.
Ingqondo. I-Monosaccharide inqabile kwindalo, inokwahlulwa kwi-antibiotic psychofuranin.Inika amandla amancinci kune-sucrose (0.3%), yiyo loo nto iphandwa njengendawo yokutya kunyango lwe-glycemic kunye ne-lipid.