I-Ferrous kunye ne-Non-Ferrous Materials

Umxholo

• Iipropathi zezinto ezinomdla
• Iindidi zezixhobo zentsimbi
• Imizekelo yezinto zentsimbi
• Imizekelo yezinto ezingekho zentsimbi

Xa uthetha izinto zentsimbikunye non-ayoni (okanye i-ferric), ibhekisa kwizinto zentsimbi ngokukodwa, ngokubakho okanye ukungabikho kwentsimbi njengenye yezinto zayo.

Ngaphandle kwentsimbi esulungekileyo (kumabanga ayo ahlukeneyo), Uninzi lwezinyithi eziyinyani ziyimveliso yeealloys okanye imixube yentsimbi kunye nezinye izinto, njengekhabhoni. Ngelixa izinyithi ezingenantsimbi zinokuba zizinto zokuqala (zenziwe ngeyodwa into yeatom) okanye ezinye iialloys ezingenasinyithi.

Iipropathi zezinto ezinomdla

Izinto zentsimbi, uhlobo lwesine oluxhaphakileyo lwesinyithi kuqweqwe lomhlaba, zahlulwe kwizinto ezingafumani ntsimbi xa zidityaniswa ukumelana, ukungahambelani, ukuhambisa ubushushu kunye nombane, kunye nokubanakho kokuzisebenzisa kwakhona kwisiseko sabo kunye nokwenziwa okutsha, kodwa ngaphezulu kwayo yonke impendulo yayo ephezulu kumandla ombane (ferromagnetism).

Ngombulelo wokugqibela, izinto eziyintsimbi zingahlulwa kwizinto ezingadibaniyo nenkunkuma kamasipala ngenkqubo yokwahlula uzibuthe.

Oku kungenxa yokuba zifunwa kakhulu kwinqanaba lezamashishini kwihlabathi liphela, zenza phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-2% yenkunkuma yasekhaya (ngakumbi iitoti zokutya), ngenxa yexabiso elisezantsi kakhulu kunye nokukwazi ukuphakamisa ezinye izinyithi ukufumana iimpawu ezintsha kunye nokuphucula iipropathi.

Iindidi zezixhobo zentsimbi

Zonke izinyithi ezinesinyithi zingena kolunye lwezi ntlobo zintathu, ngokwemiba eyibumbayo:

• Isinyithi esicocekileyo kunye nentsimbi ethambileyo. Ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lekhabhoni okanye, nangona kunqabile, kwimeko yokucoceka.
• Iintsimbi. Iialloys zentsimbi kunye nezinye izinto (ikakhulu ikhabhon kunye nesilicon), apho izinto zokugqibela zingadluli kwi-2% yomxholo.
• Amacandelo. Ngobukho bekhabhoni okanye ezinye izinto kumlinganiso omkhulu kune-2%.

Imizekelo yezinto zentsimbi

1. Isinyithi esicocekileyo. Le nto, enye yezona zininzi kakhulu emhlabeni, yi isinyithi isilivere engwevu yemagneti yamandla, ubunzima obukhulu kunye mninzi. Ithathwa njengecocekileyo xa idityaniswe kwi-99.5% yeeathom zento enye kwaye, nangona kunjalo, ayiloncedo ubu ethe-ethe (I-brittle), indawo yokunyibilika ephezulu (1500 ° C) kunye ne-oxidation ekhawulezileyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
2. Isinyithi esimnandi. Ikwabizwa ngokuba isinyithi esenziweInomxholo wekhabhoni ophantsi kakhulu (awufikeleli kwi-1%) kwaye yenye yeentlobo zentsimbi ezisulungekileyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo. Iluncedo kwii-alloys kunye nasekuqiniseni, emva kokufudumeza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokuwutshisa ubomvu oshushu, njengoko upholile kwaye uqina ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.
3. Intsimbi yeCarbon. Eyaziwa ngokuba yintsimbi yokwakha, yenye yezona zinto ziphambili zentsimbi eziveliswe kumzi mveliso wentsimbi kwaye yenye yezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Iveliswa ngomxube wekhabhoni ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo: 0.25% ngentsimbi ethambileyo, i-0.35% kwi-semi-sweet, 0.45% kwi-semi-hard kunye ne-0.55% kwi-hard.
4. Intsimbi yesilicon. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yintsimbi yombane, intsimbi enemagnethi okanye intsimbi yokuguqula, esele ityhila ukuba yeyiphi eyona mveliso isetyenziswa kakhulu kuyo, iyimveliso yesinyithi esine-degree yesilicon (ukusuka kwi-0 kuye kwi-6.5%), kunye ne-manganese kunye nealuminium (0.5%). Eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukuba nombane ophezulu kakhulu.
5. Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo. Le alloy yentsimbi ithandwa kakhulu, inikwe ukumelana kwayo okuphezulu nokubola kunye nokusebenza kweoksijini (igcwala), Imveliso yayo evela kwi-chromium (10 ukuya kwi-12% ubuncinci) kunye nezinye izinyithi ezinjenge-molybdenum kunye ne-nickel.
6. Intsimbi kwalenza. Eli ligama elinikwe isinyithi esigqunywe ngumaleko we-zinc, othi, ukuba ube sisinyithi esincinci kakhulu, uyikhusele emoyeni kwaye ucothise umhlwa wayo. Oku kuluncedo olukhulu ekwenzeni iindawo zombhobho kunye nezixhobo zokufaka imibhobho yamanzi.
7. Intsimbi yaseDamasko. Imvelaphi yoluhlobo oluthile lwengxubevange kuthathwa ukuba iseMbindi Mpuma (idolophu yaseSyria iDamasko) phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-11 neye-17, xa amakrele enziwe ngezi zinto acatshulwa kakhulu eYurophu, ngenxa yobulukhuni bawo obukhulu kwaye "phantse unaphakade. Kusaphikiswana ngokuba yeyiphi kanye kanye le ndlela yayisetyenziswa ukuyifumana ngelo xesha, nangona namhlanje iphindaphindwe kuluhlu olubanzi lweemela kunye nezinto zokusika zentsimbi.
8. Intsimbi "wobozi”. Esi sinyithi sifunyanwa ngokwesiko ngokuxuba intsalela yentsimbi (intsimbi ekrwada okanye intsimbi yehagu) namalahle emvelaphi yemifuno kunye neglasi, kwiziko lobushushu obuphezulu. Le ingxubevange carbides ezininzi ezenza kube nzima ingakumbi kwaye akhubazeki.
9. Iziseko zentsimbi. Eli ligama elinikwe ii-alloys ezinomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni (ubukhulu becala phakathi kwe-2.14 kunye ne-6.67%) apho isinyithi siphantsi kwayo, ukufumana izinto zobuninzi obuphezulu kunye nobukrakra (isinyithi esimhlophe esimhlophe) okanye uzinze ngakumbi kwaye usebenze (isinyithi esingwevu).
10. Umsebenzi ovunyiweyo. I-alloy Magnetic yentsimbi kunye ne-nickel ngemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, ebonakaliswa kukuqina okuphezulu kwemagneti kunye nokuxhathisa kombane, okwenza ukuba kube lula ukwenza iisenzi, iintloko zemagnethi kunye nezinye izixhobo kwishishini.

Imizekelo yezinto ezingekho zentsimbi

1. Ubhedu. Ngophawu lweekhemikhali uCu, yenye yezinto zetheyibhile yamaxesha. Ngaba sisinyithi ductile kunye nokuhambisa umbane kunye nobushushu, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunxibelelwano ngocingo kwaye hayi kangako kwimisebenzi efuna ubulukhuni.
2. IAluminiyam. Omnye umbane omkhulu ohambisa umbane kunye nobushushu, ialuminium yenye yezona zinto zithandwayo namhlanje, ngenxa yokuxinana kwayo, ukukhanya kunye neoksijini ephantsi, kunye netyhefu esezantsi kakhulu, isenza ukuba kube lula ekwenzeni izikhongozeli zokutya.
3. Tin. Ngokwesiqhelo isetyenziselwa ukukhusela intsimbi kwi-oxidation, sisinyithi, siyimbala eqaqambileyo enemibala eqaqambileyo ethi, xa igotyiweyo, ikhuphe into ebambekayo ebizwa ngokuba yi "tin cry". Ithambe kakhulu kwaye iguquguqukayo kubushushu begumbi, kodwa xa ifudunyezwe iba brittle kwaye ibe brittle.
4. Izinki. Ukuxhathisa kakhulu umhlwa kunye nokubola, yiyo loo nto ihlala isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuphucula, le nto ilula kwaye ayibizi, yiyo loo nto ikwimfuno ephezulu yezoshishino kumaxesha ethu.
5. Ubhedu. Ingxubevange yobhedu kunye ne-zinc (phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-40%), ephucula amandla oqinileyo kuzo zombini izinyithi ngaphandle kokubasusa ukukhanya kunye nokuxinana okuphantsi. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwenziweni kwehardware, izixhobo zombhobho kunye nezixhobo ngokubanzi.
6. Ubhedu. Nge-alloy esekwe kubhedu kunye nokongezwa kwe-10% ye-tin, le ntsimbi ifunyenwe enganyangekiyo kunobhedu kunye ne-ductile ephezulu, edlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu, de yanika igama layo ubudala bempucuko. Isetyenziswa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, iziqwenga zokufikelela kunye nezitshixo, phakathi kwamawaka ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo.
7. Magnesium. Ininzi kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye inyibilike emanzini olwandle, le nto yentsimbi yenza ion ezithile ezibalulekileyo kubomi bomhlaba, ngaphandle kwento yokuba ayifumaneki ngokukhululekileyo kwindalo, kodwa njengenxalenye yeekhompawundi ezinkulu . Idibana namanzi kwaye inokutsha lula.
8. Titanium. Ikhaphukhaphu kunentsimbi, kodwa ikwanqabile ukubola kunye nobunzima obunjalo, sisinyithi esininzi kwindalo (soze sikwimeko esulungekileyo) kodwa iyabiza emntwini, ngenxa yoko ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Isetyenziswa rhoqo xa kusenziwa iiprotheshi zonyango.
9. Umnxeba. Enye into yekhemikhali ebuntsimbi, isilivere-mhlophe kunye ne-ductile, ebumbekayo, enzima, enganyangekiyo kwi-oxidation kwaye, ngaphandle kokungabinantsimbi, ineempawu ezibonakalayo zemagneti. Ikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yabaninzi iikhompawundi eziphilayo ibalulekile.
10. Igolide. Esinye sezinyithi ezixabisekileyo, mhlawumbi esona saziwayo nesona sinqwenelekayo sinikwe uxabiso lwentengiso nezoqoqosho. Umbala wayo ubutyheli oqaqambileyo kwaye yi-ductile, ebumbekayo kwaye inzima ephendula kwi-cyanide, mercury, chlorine kunye ne-bleach.

Ingakukhonza: Imizekelo yeziNto eziThambisekayo