Imizekelo yeeMolekyuli zeOrganic nezingaphiliyo - I-Encyclopedia

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Iimolekyuli zendalo
Iimolekyuli ezingaphiliyo
Imizekelo yeemolekyuli eziphilayo
Imizekelo yeemolekyuli ezingaphiliyo

I-Chemistry yahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ze iimolekyuli yombandela, ngokwe uhlobo lweeathom eziyila zona: iimolekyuli eziphilayo kwaye iimolekyuli ezingaphiliyo.

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zeemolekyuli (naphakathi kwezinto ezenziwe ngabo) usekwe, ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na, phambi kwekhabhoni (C) ii-atom ezenza iibhondi ezidibeneyo kunye nezinye iiathom zekhabhoni okanye iiathom zehydrogen (H), kunye nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo ezinje ngeoksijini (O), initrogen (N), iSalfure (S), iPhosphorus (P) kunye nezinye ezininzi.

Iimolekyuli ezinolu lwakhiwo lusekwe kwikhabhoni baziwa ngokuba ziimolekyuli eziphilayo kwaye zibalulekile ebomini njengoko sisazi.

Bukela: Iimpawu ze-Organic kunye ne-Inorganic

Iimolekyuli zendalo

Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo zezabo ukutsha, yiyo i Banokutsha kwaye baphulukane okanye batshintshe ubume bokuqala, njengakwimeko yeehydrocarbon ezenza ifayile ye- ifosili yeefuweli. Kwelinye icala, zimbini iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yazo:

Iimolekyuli zendalo. Ezi zidityaniswe ngu izidalwa eziphilayo kwaye oko kwenza iibhloko ezingundoqo zokwakha ukusebenza nokukhula kwemizimba yabo. Ziyaziwa njenge iibhayolecule.
Iimolekyuli ezingezizo ezendalo. Imvelaphi yabo ibangelwe sisandla somntu, kuba azikho kwindalo ngoluhlobo. Le yimeko yeplastiki, umzekelo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokubanzi Zine kuphela iintlobo zeemolekyuli eziphilayo ezenza umzimba wezinto eziphilayo: protein, iipilisi, iikhabhohayidrethi, i-nucleotides kunye neemolekyuli ezincinci.

Iimolekyuli ezingaphiliyo

Inkqubo ye- iimolekyuli ezingaphiliyoOkwesibini, Azisekelwanga kwikhabhoni, kodwa ezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo, Kungenxa yoko le nto imvelaphi yabo ibangelwe ngamandla angaphandle kobomi, anje ngesenzo se-electromagnetism kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zenyukliya ezivumela iimpendulo zamachiza. Iibhondi zeatom zolu hlobo lweemolekyuli zinokuba njalo ionic (i-electrovalent) okanye i-covalent, kodwa umphumo wazo awusoze waba yi-molecule ephilayo.

Umda wokwahlula phakathi kweemolekyuli eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo uhlala ubuzwa kwaye uthathwa njengongenakuphikiswa, kuba izinto ezininzi ezingaphiliyo ziqulathe ikhabhon kunye nehydrogen. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho omiselweyo ucebisa ukuba Zonke iimolekyuli eziphilayo zisekwe kwikhabhoni, kodwa ayizizo zonke iimolekyuli zekhabhoni.

Bona kwakho: Imicimbi ye-Organic kunye ne-Inorganic

Imizekelo yeemolekyuli eziphilayo

Iswekile (C₆H₁₂OKANYE₆). Enye yeeswekile eziphambili (iikhabhohayidrethi) ezisebenza njengesiseko sokwakha iipolymers ezahlukeneyo (ugcino lwamandla okanye umsebenzi wolwakhiwo), nakwinkqubo yayo yemichiza, izilwanyana zifumana amandla azo (ukuphefumla).
Iselulosi (C₆H₁₀OKANYE₅). I-Biopolymer ibalulekile kubomi bezityalo kunye ne-biomolecule eninzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakwenzeka ukwakha udonga lweseli yeeseli zezityalo, ke yimolekyuli enemisebenzi engenakubekwa endaweni.
UFructose (C₆H₁₂OKANYE₆). Iswekile imonaccharide zikhona kwiziqhamo, imifuno kunye nobusi, inefomula efanayo kodwa ubume obahlukeneyo beswekile (sisisi sayo). Kunye nale yokugqibela, yenza i-sucrose okanye iswekile eqhelekileyo kwitafile.
Ifomic acid (CH₂OKANYE₂). Eyona asidi ilula ekhoyo, esetyenziswa ziimbovane kunye neenyosi njengezicaphukisayo kwiindlela zazo zokuzikhusela. Ikwafihlwa yiminqa kunye nezinye izityalo ezihlabayo, kwaye iyinxalenye yeekhompawundi ezenza ubusi.
Imethane (CH₄). Inkqubo ye- hydrocarbon I-alkane elula kunazo zonke, enefom yegesi engenambala, engenasiphelo kunye ingenakunyibilika emanzini. Lelona candelo lininzi lerhasi yendalo kunye nemveliso eqhelekileyo yenkqubo yokwetyisa izilwanyana.
Collagen Iprotheyini eyimfuneko ekwakhiweni kwemicu, eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izilwanyana kwaye yenza amathambo, imisipha kunye nolusu, olongeza ukuya kwi-25% yeeproteni zizonke zomzimba wezilwanyana ezanyisayo.
I-Benzene (C₆H₆). I-hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi eyenziwe ziiathom zekhabhon ezintandathu kwihexagon egqibeleleyo kwaye edityaniswe ziibhondi zehydrogen, lulwelo olungenambala olunephunga elimnandi elinokutsha. Yaziwa njengemolekyuli esisiseko yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuba yindawo yokuqala kulwakhiwo lwezinto ezininzi eziyinkimbinkimbi.
IDNA. I-Deoxyribonucleic acid yipolymer ye-nucleotide kunye nemolekyuli esisiseko yezinto zemvelo zezinto eziphilayo, ezinemiyalelo evumela ukuphindaphindeka kwazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ekudalweni kwayo, ekusebenzeni nasekuvelisweni kwakhona. Ngaphandle kwabo, ukuhambisa amafa bekungekhe kwenzeke.
RNA. I-Ribonucleic acid yenye yeemolekyuli ezibalulekileyo ekuhlanganisweni kweeproteni kunye nezinto ezenza izinto eziphilayo. Yenziwe luchungechunge lweeribonucleotides, ixhomekeke kwi-DNA yokwenza kunye nokuzala kwakhona kwekhowudi yemfuza, isitshixo sokwahlula iiseli kunye nomgaqo-siseko wazo zonke iintlobo zobomi ezinzima.
Icholesterol. I-Lipid ekhoyo kwizicubu zomzimba kunye neplasma yegazi amathambo omqolo, ibalulekile kumgaqo-siseko weplasma yeeseli, ngaphandle kokuba amanqanaba aphezulu egazini anokukhokelela kwiingxaki ekujikelezeni kwegazi.

Imizekelo yeemolekyuli ezingaphiliyo

Ikhabhoni yeMonoxide (CO). Ngaphandle kokubandakanya ikharbhon enye kunye neatom yeoksijini enye, yimolekyuli engaqhelekanga kunye ne ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo Inetyhefu egqithisileyo, oko kukuthi, yobukho ayihambelani noninzi lwezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo.
Amanzi (H₂OKANYE). Ngelixa kubalulekile ebomini kwaye mhlawumbi yenye yezona molekyuli zaziwa ngokubanzi kwaye zininzi, amanzi awananto yakwenza nezinto eziphilayo. Iyakwazi ukuba nezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kuyo, njengeentlanzi, kwaye ingaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ayiphili ngokufanelekileyo.
IAmmonia (NH₃). Irhasi engenambala kunye nevumba elinyanyekayo, ubukho bayo kwizinto eziphilayo Inetyhefu kwaye iyabulala, nangona iyimveliso ephuma kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji. Kungenxa yoko le nto ikhutshiwe kwimizimba yabo, kumchamo, umzekelo.
Isodium chloride (NaCl). Imolekyuli yetyuwa eqhelekileyo, inyibilika emanzini kwaye ikho kwizinto eziphilayo, eziyityayo ngokutya kwazo kwaye zilahle ukugqitha kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemetabolism.
I-calcium oxide (CaO). Yaziwa njenge lime okanye ngokukhawuleza, ivela kumatye ekalika kwaye kudala isetyenziswa kwimbali kumsebenzi wokwakha okanye ekwenziweni umlilo wesiGrike.
Iozone (O₃). Izinto zihlala zikhona kwindawo ephezulu yeatmosfera (umaleko weozone) iimeko ezizodwa eziyivumelayo ukuba ibekho, kuba ngesiqhelo iibhondi zayo ziyawohloka kwaye zibuyise uhlobo lwedayatomic (O₂). Isetyenziselwa ukucoca amanzi, kodwa ngobuninzi bayo inokucaphukisa kwaye ityhefu kancinci.
I-Ferric oxide (Fe₂OKANYE₃). I-oxide yesiqhelo yentsimbi, intsimbi ende esetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo yabantu, ibomvu ngombala kwaye ayilunganga umbhexeshi wombane. Kubushushu obuzinzileyo kwaye bunyibilika ngokulula kwi iiasidi, ukunika ezinye iikhompawundi.
Helium (yena). Irhasi entle, Kunye ne-argon, neon, xenon kunye ne-krypton, ye-low okanye ye-null ye-reactivity, ekhoyo kwifomula yayo ye-monatomic.
Ikharbhon diokside (CO₂). Imolekyuli ebangelwa kukuphefumla, okuyikhuphelayo, kodwa iyimfuneko kwifotosinthesis yezityalo, eyithatha emoyeni. Yinto ebalulekileyo ebomini, kodwa ayinakho ukwakha iimolekyuli eziphilayo, nangona ineathom yekhabhoni.
Isodiyam hayidroksayidi (NaOH). Amakristali amhlophe angenangqondo, aziwa ngokuba yi-caustic soda, sisiseko esomeleleyo, oko kukuthi, into ene-desiccant ephezulu, ephendula ngokubonakalayo (evelisa ubushushu) xa inyibilikiswa emanzini. Ukudibana nezinto eziphilayo kuvelisa umhlwa.