Imizekelo engama-20 yeZinto eziMsulwa kunye neMixube - I-Encyclopedia

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Imizekelo yezinto ezicocekileyo
Imixube
Isinyibilikisi kunye nesinyibilikisi
Imizekelo yemixube
Unokukukhonza

Yonke i umba esaziyo ukuba indalo iphela inokuhlelwa ngokomgaqo-siseko wayo ngokwendidi ezimbini: izinto ezicocekileyo kunye nemixube.

Inkqubo ye-izinto ezicocekileyo zezo zenziwe, kumgaqo, lilinye into yemichiza okanye ngezinto ezisisiseko ezenza ubume beemolekyuli, kwimeko yokuba ikhompawundi.

Into esulungekileyo ihlala igcina iipropathi ezifanayo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, ke ihlala isabela ngendlela efanayo kukhuthazo olunikiweyo okanye ukuphendula, njengendawo ukubilisa wave mninzi.

Izinto ezinyulu, ke, zinokuba yi-monatomic (njenge-Helium emsulwa), ekwabizwa ngokuba zizinto ezilula kuba azinakwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo azo; okanye izinto ezihlanganisiweyo (ezinjengamanzi: i-hydrogen + ioksijini), kuba zibandakanya indawo ezinzileyo nezinzileyo yezinto ezisisiseko ezenzayo.

Ewe, into esulungekileyo iya kuhlala isilela kwizongezo okanye naluphi na uhlobo lokungcola olutshintsha ubume bayo.

Imizekelo yezinto ezicocekileyo

Pure helium. Iqulathwe kwi imeko yegesi Ukuzaliswa kweebhaluni zepati, okanye phakathi kwezinto zenyukliya hydrogen, kuba iyi Irhasi entleOko kukuthi, ngegesi ene-reactivity esezantsi kakhulu kwaye ke leyo ayisoloko idibanisa nezinye izinto ukwenza iikhemikhali ezintsha.
Amanzi acocekileyo. Amaxesha amaninzi kubhekiselwa kuwo njengamanzi ikhutshiwe, ifunyanwa kwiinkqubo zaselebhu ukunqanda ukungxengxezela nayiphi na into esingqongileyo (kuba amanzi sesona nyibilikisi sikhulu saziwayo). Kungenxa yoko, amanzi enziwe kuphela yi-hydrogen kunye neeathom zeoksijini (H₂O), ayikho enye into.
Igolide esulungekileyo. Igolide esulungekileyo, iicarats ezingama-24, ibhloko eyodwa eyodwa, eyenziwe ngee-athomu zegolide (Au) kuphela kwaye zodwa.
Iidayimani. Nangona isenokungabonakali injalo, iidayimani, enye yezona zinto zinzima eziyaziwayo, zenziwe iiathom ikhabhoni (C) kuphela, ezilungiselelwe ngohlobo oluthile lokuba iibhondi zazo ziphantse zingaqhekeka.
Isalfure. Eli nqaku letheyibhile lamaxesha lifumaneka kwizinto ezininzi ezilula okanye ezihlanganisiweyo, kuba iyinto esebenzayo kakhulu. Yiyo loo nto sinokuthiya igama asidi isulfuric (H₂SW₄) njengesixhobo esicocekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba iqulethe i-hydrogen, isalfure kunye neeathom zeoksijini, kuba ziziphatha njengenye kuphela kwento.
Ozone. Ikhompawundi yokubonakala okunqabileyo kwimeko yethu yemihla ngemihla, kodwa ininzi kuxinzelelo nakumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, yi-ozone. Iqukethe i- yemolekyuli iyafana neoksijini, kodwa ineeathom ezintathu zeli nqaku (O₃) kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo ukucoca amanzi.
I-Benzene (C₆H₆). A hydrocarbonOko kukuthi, umanyano lwekhabhoni kunye neeathom zehydrojeni, ezingenambala, ezingenabumba, ezinokutsha kwaye zinetyhefu, kodwa ziyafumaneka zikwimeko yokucoceka, kugcinwa iipropathi kunye nokuphendula kwayo.
Isodium chloride (NaCl). Ityuwa eqhelekileyo, enye esinayo ekhaya, yinto esulungekileyo. Yenziwe ngamacandelo amabini: i-chlorine kunye ne-sodium. Kwelinye icala, xa siyifaka kwisobho, iya kuba yinxalenye yomxube onzima kakhulu.
Ikharbhon diokside (CO₂). Irhasi esiyikhuphileyo emva kokuphefumla kwaye izityalo zifuna umsebenzi wazo wefotosinthesisi. Yenziwe ngekhabhoni kunye neoksijini, ihlala inyibilikiswa (ixutywe) emoyeni kunye nezinye iigesi, kodwa xa ithathwa zizityalo okanye yenziwa elebhu, ikwimeko enyulu.
Grafayithi. Enye yeembonakalo ezihlambulukileyo zekhabhoni, ezifanayo kwidayimani ngekhemikhali, nangona kungenjalo emzimbeni. Yenziwe ziiathom zekhabhon kuphela, kulungelelwaniso lweemolekyuli ezibuthathaka ngakumbi kwaye ezinobungozi kunedayimani.

Imixube

Inkqubo ye- imixube Yindibaniselwano yezinto ezicocekileyo ezibini okanye nangaphezulu, kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunye nokugcina uninzi lwazo iipropati umntu, ngaloo ndlela ufumana into exubeneyo enamacandelo anokwahlulwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye / okanye ngeendlela zeekhemikhali.

Ngokwendlela yokunxibelelana kwezi zinto, imixube inokuba ziindidi ezimbini:

Imixube yeHeterogeneous. Kuzo kunokwenzeka ukuba kugcinwe, nokuba kungasetyenzwanga ngamehlo okanye ngezixhobo zaselebhu, ubukho bezinto ezixubeneyo, kuba zisasazwa ngokungaqhelekanga, okanye ngezigaba ezibonakalayo. Le mixube inokuthi, ukunqunyanyiswa (izinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kwisinyibilikisi) okanye colloids (Iimpawu zomzimba zincinci kakhulu kangangokuba azibonakali ngokulula, kwaye zihlala zihamba kwaye zingqubana).
Imixube efanayo. Izinto ezenza le mixube zihanjiswe ngendlela efanayo kwaye azinakubonwa ngeliso lenyama. Zihlala zibizwa izisombululo zamachiza Okanye ngokulula izisombululo, kuba izinto zayo (solute kwaye inyibilikisi) ahlukanga ngokulula.

Isinyibilikisi kunye nesinyibilikisi

Inkqubo ye- izisombululo yimixube efanayo, oko kukuthi, ayinakuqondakala; kodwa izinto zayo ziyabizwa solute kwaye inyibilikisi ngokobuninzi benxalenye yesibini ngokubhekisele kweyokuqala.

Njengokuba:

Ukuba kwi ulwelo Iigrama ezimbalwa ze yomelele B, banokunyibilika kwaye asinakubabona ngamehlo, njengoko sinokwenza ngolwelo olunazo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sonyuka njengolwelo, iigrama zento eqinileyo ziya kuhlala kwisikhongozeli esinesisombululo. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo lubizwa iindlela zokwahlulahlula umcimbi.

Imizekelo yemixube

IGelatin. Lo mxube we-colloidal we-collagens ovela kwimpahla ye-cartilaginous isilwanyana udityaniswa ngokudibanisa amanzi kunye nokuqina phambi kobushushu. Nje ukuba kufumaneke umxube ofanayo (ofanayo), upholile qinisa kwaye ufumana idessert eqhelekileyo yabantwana.
Imisi yekhitshi. Ngokwesiqhelo umxube wepropane kunye ne-butane, iigesi esizisebenzisayo ukukhanyisa isitovu okanye i-oveni azibonakali (umxube ofanayo) kwaye babelane ngendawo yabo yokutshaya, kodwa banokwahlulwa ngokugqibeleleyo kwilabhoratri basebenzise ukungafani kwemichiza okanye komzimba phakathi ezimbini.
Umoya ojikelezayo. Sithi umoya ngumxube ongaziwayo weegesi, ezibandakanya ii-monatomics ezininzi (ioksijini, iHydrogen, njalo njalo) kunye nezinye iikhompawundi. Nangona zingahlulwa nje ekuqaleni, kunokwenzeka ukubahlulahlula elebhu kwaye ufumane nganye ikwimo yayo emsulwa.
Amanzi olwandle. Amanzi olwandle akude amsulwa: iqulethe uyaphuma, izinto ezimbaxa imveliso yeenkqubo zemichiza, intsalela yemichiza yobomi okanye imisebenzi yabantu, ngamafutshane, ingumxube ofanayo okanye ongafaniyo wezinto zayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba amanzi olwandle siwomisa elangeni, siya kufumana ityuwa emazantsi esiqulatho njengoko ulwelo lumphunga.
Igazi. Izinto ezingapheliyo eziphilayo ziyanyibilika egazini, iiseli, ii-enzymes, protein, izakhamzimba kunye neegesi ezifana neoksijini. Nangona kunjalo, kwithontsi asinakuyibona nayiphi na, ngaphandle kokuba siyibona phantsi kwemicroscope.
IMayo. IMayonesi yisosi ebandayo emulsified, umxube weqanda kunye neoyile yemifuno, akukho namnye kuyo, yona into esulungekileyo. Ke ngumxube ontsonkothileyo wezinto ezintsonkothileyo apho kungenakwenzeka ukuba uqonde izinto zalo.
Iswekile kwiglasi yamanzi. Ngokomgaqo, iswekile inyibilika emanzini, ke sinokulahleka ziikristale zayo njengoko sizigalela kwiglasi kwaye sizamazamisa ngepuni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba siyaqhubeka nokongeza (ukugcwalisa isisombululo), siya kufezekisa uluhlu lokuxinana olunje ngokuba iswekile egqithisileyo ihleli emazantsi, oko kukuthi, ayenzi mxube kwakhona.
Amanzi angcolileyo Amanzi angcoliswe ngumhlaba okanye ezinye izinto zenkunkuma avumela iliso lenyama ukuba libone uninzi lwezinyibilikisi ezibonisa ukukhanya kwazo. Ezi zinto zinqunyanyisiwe kulwelo, ukuze zisuswe kusetyenziswa u-a inkqubo yokuhluza.
Ubhedu. Njengazo zonke iialloys, ubhedu kukumanyana kwezinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi, ezinje ngobhedu kunye netoti (izinto ezicocekileyo). Oku kuvumela ukwakhiwa kweenxalenye zesinyithi ezingazinzanga kakhulu, kuba iiathom zazo azizakhi izibophelelo ezisisigxina, kwaye ngenxa yoko zibhetyebhetye kwaye zine-ductile, kodwa ziyamelana. Ukuveliswa kobhedu yayiyinyani yokwenyani kuluntu lwakudala.
Irayisi eneembotyi. Ngendlela esivusa ngayo ipleyiti okanye imbiza, iimbotyi kunye nerayisi ziya kubonakala kwiliso lenyama, nangona sizitya kunye ukonwabela incasa yazo edibeneyo. Le smorgasbord kakhulu kwaye ngokugqibeleleyo ibaleke, Ukuba sifuna ukubahlula ngokupheleleyo.