Umxholo
Iasidi ithathwa njengeyiphi na ikhompawundi ethi, xa yahlulwe kwisisombululo esinamandla, ikhuphe ion ye-hydrogen (H+) kwaye iphinda isebenze ngeemolekyuli zamanzi ukuvelisa ion hydronium (H3OKANYE+). Iasidi zenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwe-oxide kunye namanzi, kwaye ngenxa yesisombululo esisiphumo sifumana i-asidi pH, oko kukuthi, ingaphantsi kwe-7.
Iziseko, kwelinye icala, zenziwa yimixube yesisombululo esinamandla sokukhupha i-hydroxyl ions (OH '') kwaye ibangele i-pH yesisombululo ukuba idlule kwi-pH 7.
Imbali
Le ndlela yokuchaza iiasidi kunye neziseko yeyona indala kwaye iyinxalenye yethiyori yeArrhenius, eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kwiminyaka ethile kamva, u-Brönsted kunye no-Lowry bachaza ii-asidi njengezinto ezinokuyeka iproton (H+) kunye neziseko ezinjengezo zinokwamkela iproton (H+) inikezwe yiasidi. Sele ungene kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Lewis igqityiwe ukuba iasidi yinto ekwaziyo ukwamkela okanye ukwamkela isibini see-elektroni, ngelixa isiseko sinokwabelana okanye sinike ipere yeelectron.
Iimpawu
Iasidi ngokubanzi zimuncu kwaye zonakalise; iziseko nazo ziyabola, zinencasa ebabayo kunye nesepha. Utyekelo lweasidi yokwahlulahlula kunye nokuthoba i-pH kuhlala kubizwa ngokuba yi "acid acid." Ngaba yimizekelo iiacidi ezomeleleyo I-perchloric, i-sulfuric, i-hydroiodic, i-hydrobromic, i-hydrochloric kunye ne-nitric.
Ngokufanayo, banokuthathelwa ingqalelo njenge iziseko ezomeleleyo potassium, isodiyam, lithium kunye nemagniziyam hayidroksayidi. I-Acetic, i-citric, kunye ne-benzoic acid, kwelinye icala, ziiasidi ezibuthathaka; i-ammonia sisiseko esibuthathaka.
Zenziwa njani iityiwa?
Inkqubo ye- uyaphuma ziiconic ionic zokwahluka kobunzima, zininzi kwindalo kwaye zenziwa ngokudityaniswa kweeasidi ezineziseko, ezivelisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi. Iityiwa zinokungathathi cala, acidic okanye ezisisiseko. Kwixesha langaphambili, zonke iiathom zehydrojeni kwiasidi zitshintshwe ngo i-cation yesinyithi. Iityiwa zeasidi kwelinye icala zigcina iiathom zehydrogen enye okanye nangaphezulu.
Kwelinye icala, iityiwa zinokuba njalo kabini okanye kathathu ukuba ziqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-cation enye okanye ngaphezulu kwe-anion enye. Umzekelo, i-calcium potassium fluoride yityuwa engathathi hlangothi kabini (CaKF3), kuba ineekati ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Okokugqibela, kufanelekile ukukhankanya iityuwa ezisisiseko, apho ubuncinci i-anion yi-anhydroxide anion, enje, umzekelo, kwi-chloride ye-chloride trihydroxide (Cu2Cl (OH)3).
Kwelinye icala, baziwa njenge iityuwa zeternary okanye imfundo enomsila kwezo zifunyenwe ngokudibanisa isinyithi kunye ne-radical, njenge-sulphate, i-carbonate okanye i-dichromate, kunye neetyuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary kwezo zonke iiathom ze-hydrogen ze-ammonium ziye zatshintshwa yi-radicals, njengakwimeko ye-tetramethylammonium chloride .
Ukuhanjiswa kunye nokubaluleka
Inkqubo ye- iiasidi Zibaluleke kakhulu kumzi mveliso nakwindalo. Umzekelo, i-hydrochloric acid yinxalenye yenkqubo yethu yokwetyisa kwaye iyimfuneko kuthi ukuba siphule iikhompawundi zokutya ezikhoyo ekutyeni. I-Deoxyribonucleic acid, eyaziwa njenge IDNA, Kwenziwa ii-chromosomes, kulapho ulwazi lwemfuza olufunekayo ukuze izinto eziphindaphindayo zikhule kwaye zikhule zifakwe kwikhowudi. I-Boric acid yinto ebonakalayo kwimveliso yeglasi.
Inkqubo ye- calcium carbonate Yityuwa eninzi kakhulu kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye e-limestone. Ngokusebenza kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu (900 ° C), i-calcium carbonate ifunyenwe nge-calcium oxide okanye ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza amanzi kwi-quicklime kuvelisa i-calcium hydroxide, ebizwa ngokuba yi-slaked lime, esisiseko. Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa ekwakheni.
