Umxholo
Inkqubo ye-hayidroksayidi iziphumo zokudityaniswa kwe isinyithi oxide (ekwabizwa ngokuba zii-oxides ezisisiseko) kunye namanzi. Ngale ndlela, ukwakhiwa kwehydroxides kunikwa ngamalungu amathathu: ioksijini, i-hydrogen kunye nesinyithi ekuthethwa ngaso. Ngokudibeneyo, isinyithi sihlala sisebenza njenge cation kwaye iqela lehydroxide lisebenza njenge-anion.
IiHydroxides ngokubanzi zabelana ngeempawu, ezinje ngokuba nencasa ekrakra njengesepha, ukutyibilika ekuchukumeni, ukubola, ukuba nezinto zokucoca kunye nesepha, ukunyibilikisa iioyile kunye nesalfure, kunye nokusabela ngeeasidi ukuvelisa ityuwa.
Kwelinye icala, ezinye iimpawu zibhekisa kuhlobo ngalunye lwehydroxide, efana nesodiyam, ethi ifunxe ngokukhawuleza ikharbhon diokside kunye namanzi; calcium leyo ifumaneka calcium calcium oxide ngamanzi; okanye isinyithi (II) esinganyibilikiyo emanzini.
Zenzelwe ntoni?
Ukusetyenziswa kweehydroxide kuyahluka phakathi kwamatyala ahlukeneyo:
- Inkqubo ye- isodiyam hayidroksayidiUmzekelo, unxulunyaniswa nomzi mveliso weesepha kunye nobuhle kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lomzimba.
- Inkqubo ye- calcium hayidroksayidiKwinxalenye yayo, inendima yokulamla kwezinye iinkqubo ezinje ngokufumana i-sodium carbonate.
- Inkqubo ye- lithium hayidroksayidi Isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweekeramiki, ngelixa i-magnesium isetyenziswa njenge-antacid okanye laxative.
- Inkqubo ye- intsimbi hayidroksayidi Zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuchumisa izityalo.
Uluhlu lwamagama
Ngokubhekisele kuninzi lwendibaniselwano yemichiza, kukho amagama ahlukeneyo kwiidroksayidi:
- Inkqubo ye- amagama emveliUmzekelo, yile eqala ngegama elithi ihydroxide elandela into kodwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo i-valence esebenza ngayo: xa ikwi-valence enye isiphelo se-'ico 'siza kusetyenziswa, xa bekunye nesibini yiba ne-valence ephezulu ephela 'ibhere' kwaye enye iphele ngokuncinci 'ico', kwaye xa isebenza nge-valence ezintathu okanye ezine, ukuqala 'hiccup' okanye 'nganye' kuyakongezwa njengoko kunjalo kuba.
- Inkqubo ye- Igama lesitokhwe ngulowo usebenzisa igama ihydroxide, kodwa endaweni yokugcwalisa ngegama elinye, usebenzisa isimaphambili 'se' kunye nesinyithi, ebeka ii-valence kubazali.
- Inkqubo ye- Isichazi-magama esichanekileyo Nguwo lowo umisela isimaphambili senani kwigama lehydroxide.
Imizekelo yehydroxides
- Inkokeli (II) ihydroxide, Pb (OH)2, kukhokelela kwi-dihydroxide.
- IPlatinam (IV) ihydroxide, Pt (OH)4, Iplatinum quadhydroxide.
- IVanadic hydroxide, V (OH)4, vanadium tetrahydroxide.
- Idayisi hayidroksayidi, Fe (OH)2, i-dihydroxide yentsimbi.
- I-lead (IV) i-hydroxide, i-Pb (OH) 4, ekhokelela kwi-tetrahydroxide.
- Isilivere hayidroksayidi, AgOH, isilivere hayidroksayidi.
- ICobalt Hydroxide, Co (OH)2, Cobalt dihydroxide.
- Manganese hayidroksayidi, Mn (OH)3, imanganese trihydroxide.
- Ferric hayidroksayidi, Fe (OH)3, i-iron trihydroxide.
- Indebe yehydroxide, Cu (OH)2, dihydroxide yobhedu.
- IAluminiyam hayidroksayidi, Al (OH)3I-aluminium trihydroxide.
- Isodiyam hayidroksayidi, i-NaOH, isodiyam hayidroksayidi.
- Strontium hayidroksayidi, Sr (OH)2, strontium dihydroxide.
- Magnesium hayidroksayidi, Mg (OH)2, i-magnesium dihydroxide.
- Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, ammonium hayidroksayidi.
- Cadmium hayidroksayidi, Cd (OH)2, icadmium dihydroxide.
- IVanadic hydroxide, V (OH)3, vanadium trihydroxide.
- Imercuric hydroxide, Hg (OH)2Imekyuri dihydroxide.
- I-Cuprous hydroxide, i-CuOH, i-hydroxide yobhedu.
- Lithium hayidroksayidi, LiOH, lithium hayidroksayidi.
Ngamanye amaxesha, iihydroxide zinamagama aqhelekileyo anikwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo okuqhelekileyo, njenge-sodium hydroxide ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-caustic soda, i-potassium hydroxide ebizwa ngokuba yi-caustic potash, i-calcium hydroxide ebizwa ngokuba ngamanzi ekalika okanye i-lime icinyiwe, kwaye i-magnesium ibizwa ngokuba lubisi lwe magnesia.
- Landela ngo: Imizekelo yehydroxides (icacisiwe)
