Biomolecule

Umxholo

• Umsebenzi
• Iindidi zebhayomolecule
• IiCarbohydrate
• Iipilisi
• Iiproteni

Inkqubo ye- iibhayolecule Zizo iimolekyuli ezikhoyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kunokuthiwa zonke ii-biomolecule zakha zonke izinto eziphilayo ngaphandle kobungakanani bayo.

Imolekyuli nganye (eyila i-biomolecule) yenziwe iiathom. Aba babiziwe izibonelelo. I-bioelement nganye inokwenziwa ikhabhoni, hydrogen, ioksijini, initrogen, isalfure kwaye umdlalo. I-biomolecule nganye iya kwenziwa ngezinye zezi zinto ziphilayo.

Umsebenzi

Owona msebenzi uphambili wee-biomolecule "kukuba yinxalenye yento" yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kwelinye icala ezi zinto kufuneka zenze ukwakheka kweseli. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ii-biomolecule kufuneka zenze into ebalulekileyo yeseli.

Iindidi zebhayomolecule

Ii-Biomolecule zingahlelwa zibe zi-biomolecules ezingaphiliyo ezinje nge Amanzi, Iityiwa zetyuwa neegesi, ngelixa ii-biomolecule eziphilayo zahlulwe ngokwendibaniselwano yazo yemolekyuli kunye nemisebenzi ethile.

Kukho iindidi ezi-4 ze biomolecule eziphilayo:

IiCarbohydrate. Iseli ifuna iicarbohydrate kuba zibonelela ngomthombo omkhulu wamandla. Ezi zenziwe nge-3 izibonelelo: Ikhabhoni, IHydrogen kwaye Ioksijini. Ngokudibana kwezi molekyuli, ii-carbohydrate zinokuba:

• Monosaccharides. Zinemolekyuli enye kuphela nganye. Ngaphakathi kweli qela kukho iziqhamo. Iswekile yeglucose ikwimo monosaccharide kwaye ikhona egazini lezinto eziphilayo.
• Disaccharides. Umanyano lwe-monosaccharide carbohydrate ezimbini ziya kwenza i-disaccharide. Umzekelo wale sucrose ifumaneka kwiswekile kunye ne-lactose.
• Iipolysaccharides. Xa i-monosaccharides ezintathu okanye nangaphezulu zidityanisiwe ziya kukhokelela kwi-carbohydrate polysaccharide biomolecule. Ezinye zezi starch (ezifumaneka kwiitapile) kunye neglycogen (efumaneka emzimbeni wezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulu kwimisipha nakwilungu lesibindi).

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeMonosaccharides, Disaccharides kunye nePolysaccharides

Iipilisi. Benza inwebu yeseli kwaye banjalo gcina amandla yomzimba. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zinokuba ziivithamini okanye iihomoni. Zenziwe nge-asidi enamafutha kunye notywala. Nazo ke zinamakhonkco amaninzi eeathom ikhabhoni kwaye hydrogen. Banokunyibilika kuphela kwizinto ezinje ngotywala okanye i-ether. Ke ngoko, akunakwenzeka ukuba uzinyibilike emanzini. Banokwahlulahlulwa ngokomsebenzi wabo othile ngokwamaqela ama-4:

• Lipids kunye nomsebenzi wamandla. Zikwimo yamanqatha. Zizimpawu zenyama ye-adipose enezinto ezininzi eziphilayo phantsi kolusu. Le lipid ivelisa umaleko wokubambelela kunye nokukhusela kubanda. Kukwakhona kumagqabi ezityalo, ukuthintela ukuba zome ngokulula.
• IiLipids ezinomsebenzi wolwakhiwo. Ziyi-phospholipids (ziqulathe iimolekyuli ze-phosphorus) kwaye zenza inwebu ye iiseli.
• Lipids kunye nomsebenzi hormone. Ezi zikwabizwa ngokuba "ii-steroids”. Umzekelo: iihomoni isini somntu.
• Lipids kunye umsebenzi vitamin. Ezi lipids zibonelela ngezinto zokukhula okufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye zezi vithamin A, D, kunye neK.

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeLipids

Iiproteni. Zii-biomolecule ezizalisekisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emzimbeni. Zenziwe ziimolekyuli ze ikhabhoni, ioksijini, hydrogen kwaye initrogen.

Ezi proteni zinazo iiamino acid. Kukho iintlobo ezingama-20 ezahlukeneyo zeamino acid. Ukudityaniswa kwezi amino acid kuya kukhokelela kwiiproteni ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo (kwaye banikwe ubuninzi bendibaniselwano) banokuhlelwa babe ngamaqela ama-5 amakhulu:

• Iiproteni zokwakha. Ziyinxalenye yomzimba wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo weli qela leeproteni yikeratin.
• Iiproteni zeHormonal. Zilawula imisebenzi ethile yomzimba. Umzekelo weli qela yi-insulin, enomsebenzi wokulawula ukungena kweglucose kwiseli.
• Iiproteni zokhuselo. Zisebenza njengomkhuseli womzimba. Oko kukuthi, banoxanduva lokuhlasela nokukhusela umzimba kwizinto ezincinci, ibhaktheriya okanye intsholongwane. Aba banegama izilwa-buhlungu. Umzekelo: iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi.
• Iiproteni zothutho. Njengoko igama labo libonisa, banoxanduva lokuhambisa izinto okanye iimolekyuli ngegazi. Umzekelo: ihemoglobin.
• Iiproteni zesenzo se-enzymatic. Zikhawulezisa ukwenziwa kwezondlo ngamalungu ohlukeneyo omzimba. Umzekelo wale nto yi-amylase ephula iswekile ukuvumela ukwenziwa ngcono komzimba.

Bona kwakho: Iiproteni Imizekelo

Iimpawu zenyukliya. Ziyi-asidi ekufuneka, njengomsebenzi wazo ophambili, ilawule imisebenzi yeseli. Kodwa owona msebenzi uphambili kukudlulisa izinto zemfuza ukusuka kwisizukulwana kuye kwesinye. Ezi asidi zenziwe ziimolekyuli ze ikhabhoni, hydrogen, ioksijini, initrogen kwaye umdlalo. Ezi zahlulwe zaziiyunithi ezibiziweyo ii-nucleotides.

Zimbini iintlobo zeecicic acid:

• IDNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
• I-RNA: i-ribonucleic acid

IiCarbohydrate

Monosaccharide carbohydrate

1. IAldosa
2. Ketose
3. Deoxyribose
4. UFructose
5. IGalactose
6. Iswekile

Disaccharide carbohydrate

1. Cellobiose
2. Isomalt
3. I-Lactose okanye iswekile yobisi
4. I-Maltose okanye i-malt ishukela
5. I-Sucrose okanye i-sugar cane kunye neebhere

Ipolysaccharide carbohydrate

1. Hyaluronic acid
2. Agarose
3. Isitashi
4. I-Amylopectin: isitatshi esine-branched
5. Amylose
6. Iselulosi
7. I-Dermatan sulfate
8. UFructosan
9. IGlycogen
10. IParamilon
11. Iipeptidoglycans
12. Iiproteoglycans
13. I-Keratin sulfate
14. Chitin
15. Xylan

Iipilisi

1. Iavokhado (amafutha angaqinisekiswanga)
2. Ipeanut (amafutha angenasaturated)
3. Ingulube (amafutha)
4. UHam (amanqatha agcweleyo)
5. Ubisi (Amafutha agciniweyo)
6. Amantongomane (amafutha angenasaturated)
7. Umnquma (amafutha angaqinisekiswanga)
8. Intlanzi (amafutha e-polyunsaturated)
9. I-Cheese (amafutha amaninzi)
10. Imbewu yeCanola (Amafutha angaHanjiswanga)
11. Ibhekoni (Amafutha agciniweyo)

Iiproteni

Iiproteni zokwakha

1. I-Collagen (izicubu ezinxulumene nemicu)
2. IiGlycoproteins (ziyinxalenye yeembumba zeseli)
3. I-Elastin (izicwili ezinamathelayo)
4. I-Keratin okanye i-keratin (i-epidermis)
5. Imbali (ii-chromosomes)

Iiproteni zeHormonal

1. Calcitonin
2. Iswekile yeglucagon
3. Ukukhula kwehomoni
4. IHormonal Insulin
5. Imikhosi yamaHormone

Iiproteni zokhuselo

1. Immunoglobulin
2. I-Thrombin kunye ne-fibrinogen

Iiproteni zothutho

1. IiCytochromes
2. IHemocyanin
3. IHemoglobin

Iiproteni zesenzo se-enzymatic

1. Gliadin, ukusuka kwingqolowa yengqolowa
2. I-Lactalbumin, ukusuka kubisi
3. Indawo yeOvalbumin Reserve, ukusuka kwiqanda elimhlophe

Iimpawu zenyukliya

1. IDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
2. I-RNA yomthunywa (i-ribonucleic acid)
3. IRibosomal RNA
4. I-RNA ye-nucleic eyenziweyo
5. Dlulisa iRNA
6. I-ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
7. I-ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
8. I-AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
9. I-GTP (guanosine triphosphate)