UMthetho weNdalo

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yomthetho wendalo

Inkqubo ye-Umthetho wendalo yi Imfundiso esesikweni nesemthethweni exhasa ubukho bamalungelo athile ahambelana nemeko yomntu, oko kukuthi, ukuba bazalwa kunye nomntu kwaye bangaphambi koko, bangaphezulu kwaye bazimele geqe. umthetho olungileyo (ebhaliweyo) kunye nomthetho wesintu (isiko).

Le seti yemilinganiselo ibangele ukuba kubekho iseti yezikolo kunye noonondaba abaphendule kwigama le- umthetho wendalo okanye ubulungisa bendalo, kwaye waxhasa ukucinga kwakhe kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:

• Kukho isakhelo esingaphaya komthetho sendalo malunga nokuhle nokubi.
• Umntu uyakwazi ukuyazi le migaqo ngesizathu.
• Onke amalungelo asekelwe kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
• Nayiphi na inkqubo yezomthetho elungileyo engaphumeleliyo ukuqokelela kunye nokugweba imigaqo-siseko ayinakuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo njengesakhelo somthetho.

Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho imigaqo esisiseko, eyokuziphatha yendalo ehlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo njengesiseko salo naluphina uhlobo lwezomthetho lomntu. Ngokwale nto, umthetho ophikisana nale mithetho yokuziphatha awungekhe uthotyelwe kwaye, ngaphezulu, uya kuphelisa nasiphi na isakhelo somthetho esiyixhasayo, kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo kaRadbruch: "umthetho ongalunganga kakhulu ayingomthetho oyinyani."

Yiyo loo nto umthetho wendalo ayifuni kubhalwa (njengomthetho olungileyo), kodwa uhambelana nemeko yomntu, ngaphandle kobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, isini okanye imeko yentlalo. Umthetho wendalo kufanele ukuba usebenze njengesiseko sokutolika amanye amasebe omthetho, kuba ayimigaqo esemthethweni nangokomthetho, hayi eyokuziphatha, inkcubeko okanye inkolo.

Iifomula zokuqala zale mihla zolu luvo zivela kwiSikolo saseSalamanca kwaye kamva zathathwa zahlaziywa zii-theorists zekhontrakthi yentlalo: UJean Jacques Rousseau, uThomas Hobbes noJohn Locke.

Nangona kunjalo, kumaxesha amandulo bekukho izinto ezininzi ezichasene nomthetho wendalo, zihlala ziphefumlelwe ngentando kaThixo, okanye zinxulunyaniswa nomntu othile ongaphaya kwendalo.

Imizekelo yomthetho wendalo

Imithetho yobuthixo yakudala. Kwiinkcubeko zakudala, kwakukho iseti yemithetho yobuthixo eyayilawula abantu, kwaye ubukho babo obungathandabuzekiyo babuphambi kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lomthetho wezomthetho okanye nakwimigangatho yabaphathi. Umzekelo, kwakusithiwa kwiGrisi yakudala uZeus wayekhusela abathunywa kwaye ke ngoko akufuneki babekwe tyala ngeendaba ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi abazizisileyo..

Amalungelo asisiseko kaPlato. Bobabini uPlato no-Aristotle, izithandi zobulumko zamaGrike zamandulo, babekholelwa kwaye babhengeza ubukho bamalungelo amathathu abalulekileyo ayebalulekile emntwini: ilungelo lokuphila, ilungelo lenkululeko kunye nelungelo lokucinga. Oku akuthethi ukuba kwiGrisi yamandulo kwakungekho kubulala, ubukhoboka okanye ukuvinjelwa, kodwa oko kuthetha ukuba iingcinga zakudala zazibona isidingo semithetho ngaphambi kwayo nayiphi na indibano yabantu.

Imithetho elishumi yamaKristu. Kuyafana nakwimeko yangaphambili, le mithetho ilishumi ekuthiwa iyalelwa nguThixo yaba sisiseko sekhowudi yomthetho yabantu abangamaHebhere bexesha lamaKristu, emva koko yaba sisiseko senkcubeko ebalulekileyo yeengcinga zaseNtshona njengesiphumo samaXesha Aphakathi obuKristu kunye nolawulo lobuthixo. ezaziphumelela eYurophu ngelo xesha. Izono (ukwaphulwa komgaqo) bohlwaywa ngokuqatha ngabameli beCawa yamaKatolika (njenge-Inquisition eNgcwele).

Amalungelo oluntu jikelele. Yaziswa okokuqala ngqa ngeentsuku zokuqala zoQhushululu lwaseFrance, embindini wokuvela kweRiphabhlikhi entsha ekhululekileyo kulawulo olungqongqo lobukumkani, la malungelo ayesisiseko sokwakhiwa kwale mihla (Amalungelo oluntu) Bacinga ukulingana, ubuzalwana kunye nenkululeko njengeemeko ezingenakuchithwa zabantu bonke emhlabeni, ngaphandle kokuzahlula imvelaphi, imeko yezentlalo, inkolo okanye ingcinga yezopolitiko.

Amalungelo oluntu exeshana. Amalungelo oluntu angenakuthathelwa ingqalelo ekuhlaleni yimizekelo yomthetho wendalo, kuba bazalwa kunye nomntu kwaye baqhelekile kubo bonke abantu, njengelungelo lobomi okanye isazisi, ukwenza umzekelo. La malungelo awanakho ukurhoxiswa okanye arhoxiswe yiyo nayiphi na inkundla emhlabeni kwaye angaphezulu kwawo nawuphina umthetho welizwe, kwaye ukwaphulwa kwawo kohlwaywa kwilizwe liphela nangaliphi na ixesha, njengoko ethathelwa ingqalelo njengolwaphulo-mthetho olungamiseli mthetho.