Ulwelo

Umxholo

• Iindidi zokuhluzwa
• Imizekelo yokuhluzwa
• Ezinye iindlela zokwahlula imixube

Inkqubo ye- ulwelo yinkqubo yokwahlulahlula izinto ezithi zisebenzise emva koko umphunga kwaye i amafu, uzisebenzise ngokukhetha ukucoca Umxube oqhelekileyo oqhelekileyo.

Le yokugqibela inokuqulatha ulwelo, a yomelele ixutywe kulwelo okanye iigesi ezinamanzi, kuba enye yeempawu zobume bezinto nganye isetyenziswa, njengendawo yokubilisa.

Indawo yokubilisa ibizwa ngokuba ubushushu apho ulwelo lutshintsha ubume balo bube gaseous (ngumphunga).

Ngokomgaqo, ukuze ulwelo lwenzeke, lo mxube kufuneka ubiliswe kwindawo yokubilisa yenye yezo izinto, eya kuqhutywa nge imeko yegesi Kwisikhongozisi esicohliweyo apho sinokujiya khona kwaye siphinde sifumane ukuthengiswa kwayo.

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeFusion, ukuqiniswa, ukuvela komphunga, ukuthambisa, ukujiya

Iindidi zokuhluzwa

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlanjululwa kwezinto:

• Elula. Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, akuqinisekisi ngokupheleleyo ubunyulu bento ecekeceke.
• Amaqhekeza. Yenziwa ngekholamu yamaqhekeza, esebenzisa iipleyiti ezahlukeneyo apho umphunga kunye nokuxinana kwenzeka ngokulandelelana, kuqinisekisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwesiphumo.
• Ukungabikho. Isebenzisa uxinzelelo lwe-vacuum uku catalyze inkqubo yokuhluza, ukunciphisa indawo yokubilisa yezinto ngesiqingatha.
• I-Azeotropic. Isetyenziselwa ukwaphula i-azeotrope, okt Umxube wezinto Eziphatha njengomntu omnye, yabelana ngamanqaku abilayo. Ihlala ibandakanya ubukho beearhente ezahlulayo kwaye yonke into yenziwa ngokomthetho kaRaoult.
• Ngokufakwa ngomphunga. Izinto ezinokungazinzi kunye nezingahambelaniyo zomxube zahlulwe kwinaliti ngqo yomphunga ukukhuthaza ukwahlulwa komxube.
• Yomile. Isekwe kufudumezo lwezixhobo eziqinileyo ngaphandle koncedo lwezinyibilikisi ezingamanzi, ukuvelisa iigesi ezixineneyo kwesinye isikhongozeli.
• Ukuphuculwa. Eli ligama lesitshisi sokuhluza okanye sokuhlaziya, esetyenziselwa iimeko ezithile zemixube yezinto ekunzima ukwahlula kwiindawo zokubila.

Imizekelo yokuhluzwa

1. Ukucocwa kweoyile. Ukwahlula ezohlukeneyo iihydrocarbons kunye neemveliso zepetroleum, kwenziwa ulwahlulo lwendlela oluvumela ukuba nganye yezi zinto zivelweyo zigcinwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukuqala ekuphekeni kweoyile ekrwada. Ukunyuka kweegesi kunye nezinto ezixineneyo ezifana ne-asphalt kunye neparafini ziwa ngokwahlukeneyo.
2. Ukuqhekeka kweCatalytic. Izicoci ze-vacuum zihlala zisenziwa ekusetyenzisweni kweoyile, ukusuka kwiinqaba ezincamathelayo ukwahlula iigesi ezahlukeneyo ezinikezelwa kwinqanaba lokupheka kweoyile. Ngale ndlela ukubilisa iihydrocarbon kukhawuleza.
3. Ukucocwa kwe-ethanol. Inkqubo yokwahlula i-ethanol (isiselo esinxilisayo) kumanzi aveliswa kwiilebhu kufuna inkqubo yokuthambisa i-azeotropic, apho iBenzene okanye ezinye izinto zongezwa ukukhupha umxube kunye nokuvumela ukwahlukana.
4. Utshutshisoyamalahle. Ekufumaneni i-fuel organic fuels, amalahle okanye iinkuni zihlala zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo eyomileyo yokuthambisa, ukwenzela ukuqinisa iigesi ezikhutshiweyo ngexesha lokutsha kwazo kwaye uzisebenzise ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zoshishino.
5. I-Thermolysis yeetyiwa zamaminerali. Enye inkqubo eyomileyo yokucoca ulwelo, equka ukutshisa iityiwa zamaminerali kunye nokufumana kuzo, ukusuka ekuphumeni nasekunyukeni kweegesi, ezahlukeneyo izinto zezimbiwa Izixhobo eziphezulu zeshishini.
6. Ilebhu. Esi sixhobo, esenziwe kwimbali yakudala yama-Arab ukuvelisa iziqholo, amayeza kunye notywala kwiziqhamo ezivundisiweyo, sisebenzisa imigaqo yokuhluza ngokufudumeza izinto kwibhoyila encinci kunye nokupholisa iigesi eziveliswe kwikhoyili epholileyo kwisikhongozeli esitsha.
7. Imveliso yeziqholo. Uyilo lomphunga oludla ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo kushishino lweziqholo, ngamanzi abilayo kunye neentlobo ezithile zeentyatyambo ezigciniweyo, ukuze kufumaneke irhasi ezele livumba, ethi xa idityanisiwe, isetyenziswe njengamanzi asisiseko.
8. Ukufumana iziselo ezinxilisayo. Kuyenzeka ukuba uphelise ukuvundiswa kweziqhamo okanye ezinye iimveliso zendalo, umzekelo, kwi-alembic. Ukubila kuyabiliswa malunga ne-80 ° C, iqondo lobushushu elibilayo lotywala, yiyo loo nto amanzi eyahlulwa, ahlala kwisitya.
9. Ukufumana amanzi acocekileyo. Ukucocwa kwamanzi okugqithisileyo kwenzeka ngenkqubo yokuhluzwa kwe-distillation ekhupha zonke izisombululo ezinayo. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwiilebhu nakwimizi-mveliso, kwaye kwa le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukwenza amanzi aselwayo ngabantu.
10. Ukufumana ioyile. Iresiphi yeoli ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kukubilisa impahla engekasilwa (imifuno okanye isilwanyana) de ioyile ibe ngumphunga ize iyigcine kwisiphelo esipholileyo, ukuze iphinde ibuye kwakhona.
11. Amanzi olwandle anetyuwa. Kwiindawo ezininzi apho kungekho manzi okusela, amanzi aselwandle asetyenziselwa ukuselwa, emva kokuba efakwe idiski ekususeni ityuwa, kuba eyokugqibela ayibi ngumphunga xa ulwelo lufudunyezwa kwaye luhlala kwisikhongozeli sokuqala.
12. Ukufumana i-pyridine. Ulwelo olungenambala kunye nevumba elonyanyekayo, i-pyridine sisakhi esifana ne-benzene, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumzi-mveliso wezinyibilikisi, iziyobisi, idayi kunye nokubulala izitshabalalisi. Ihlala ifumaneka kulwelo lweoli olufunyenweyo, lona, ​​ukusuka kulwelo olonakalisayo lwamathambo.
13. Ukufumana iswekile. Ukusuka kwikhokhonathi kunye nezinye izinto zendalo, iiswekile ezithile zinokufunyanwa ngokuthambisa okususa amanzi ngomphunga kwaye kuvumele iikristale zeswekile ukuba zihlale.
14. Ukufumana i-glycerin. Inkqubo yokufumana i-glycerin eyenziweyo ibandakanya ukucocwa kweentsalela zesepha, kuba le nto ivela kukuthotywa kwezinto ezithile iipilisi (Njengomjikelo weKrebs).
15. Ukufumana i-acetic acid. Esi siphumo seviniga sinezicelo ezininzi kumachiza amayeza, okufota kunye nezolimo, kwaye i-distillation idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zayo zemveliso, kuba iveliswa ngokudibeneyo nezinye izinto ezingazinzanga ezifana ne-acidic formic kunye ne-formaldehyde.

Ezinye iindlela zokwahlula imixube

• Imizekelo yeCrystallization
• Imizekelo yeCentrifugation
• Imizekelo yeChromatography
• Imizekelo yokuHanjiswa
• Imizekelo yokuNyanzelwa