Uluhlu lweeNzululwazi eziNcedisayo zeJografi - I-Encyclopedia

IiSayensi eziNcedisayo zeJografi - I-Encyclopedia

Umxholo

Imizekelo yesayensi yokuncedisa yeJografi

Inkqubo ye-iinzululwazi ezincedisayo okanye uqeqesho oluncedisayo zezo zithi, ngaphandle kokujongana ngokupheleleyo nendawo ethile yokufunda, zinxulunyaniswe nayo kwaye zibonelele ngoncedo, kuba izicelo zazo ezinokuba negalelo kuphuhliso lommandla wesifundo.

Njengakwimeko yezinye isayensi yezentlalo, ukudityaniswa kweendlela, zethiyori okanye izixhobo zenkqubo kwindawo yokufunda ijografi ivumela ukutyebiswa kweembono zabo kwaye, rhoqo, ukumiliselwa kwemigca yenoveli yokufunda, edibanisa iinkalo zonxibelelwano.

Umzekelo ocacileyo wokugqibela unokuba ngu I-Geopolitics, ukubandakanywa kolwazi lwezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko kwicandelo lejografi, ukufunda ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungaphakathi ngendlela yokulungiselela nokumela umhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nesayensi yovavanyo exhomekeke kwabanye ukuba ifumane ukuchaneka, iJografi iyakwandisa kwaye yenze kube nzima ngakumbi umbono wabo kwihlabathi liphela.

Imizekelo yesayensi yokuncedisa yeJografi

IiSayensi zezoPolitiko. Sele sibonile ukuba indlela yezopolitiko kunye nejografi inemveliso ngakumbi kunokuba ibonakala, kuba zombini ezi ndlela zivumela ukuphuhliswa kwe-geopolitics: ukufundwa kwehlabathi ngokusekwe kumazembe amandla akhoyo kunye nendlela abalwela ngayo ukongama ngaphezulu zonke.
Umzobo wobugcisa. Olu qeqesho, kufutshane nobunjineli, uyilo okanye uyilo lwegraphic, inendawo yayo phakathi kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa yijografi, ngakumbi kwicandelo leCartography (uyilo lwemephu) kunye nombutho wejiyometri welizwe elaziwayo (meridians, parallels njalo njalo).
Ngeenkwenkwezi. Ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, abahambi bebejolise kwihlabathi ziinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni, bebonakalisa ikhonkco elibalulekileyo phakathi kwenzululwazi ezifundayo kunye nejografi, efunda indlela yethu yokumela umhlaba esiwuhambileyo. Akuqhelekanga ukufumana izikhombisi zesibhakabhaka emhlabeni, kuba ukulungiswa kweenkwenkwezi kwakudla ngokusetyenziselwa ukulandelela izifundo kunye nokubonelela abantu ngokulungelelanisa, izinto ezenziwa namhlanje kwiimeridians kunye nokufana.
Uqoqosho. Ukusuka ekudibaneni phakathi kwejografi nezoqoqosho, isebe elibaluleke kakhulu liyazalwa: IJografi yezoQoqosho, umdla wayo ujolise kulwabiwo lwehlabathi lwezixhobo ezixhaphakileyo kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso kwinqanaba leplanethi. Rhoqo eli sebe liyaxhaswa kwaye liyancediswa, kwelinye icala, yi-geopolitics yendlela yomhlaba ngakumbi.
Imbali. Njengoko kuya kulindeleka, indlela yomntu yokumela umhlaba yahluka kakhulu kwinkcubeko yakhe; Kwanele ukukhumbula ukuba kwakucingwa ngamaxesha aphakathi ukuba umhlaba uthe tyaba. Ubalo maxesha lwezi zinto zimelweyo yindawo yokufunda apho iMbali kunye neJografi zidibana khona.
Zezityalo. Eli sebe le-biology elikhethekileyo kwilizwe lezityalo linegalelo kulwazi oluninzi kubume bejografi ekubhaliseni nasekudweliseni uluhlu lweebhayom ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, ngalinye libonakaliswa luhlaza, njengamahlathi aqokelelekileyo akumntla weikhweyitha. Ukongeza, ukugawulwa kwemithi kuthathwa njengesixhobo esisebenzisekayo ngokwejografi yezoqoqosho.
Zoology. Njengebhotani, isebe lebhayoloji elinikezelwe kwizilwanyana lizisa ukuqonda okuyimfuneko kwinkcazo yejografi, ngakumbi ngokunxulumene neebhayom kunye nemicimbi yendalo. Ukongeza, ukuzala kunye nokutya emadlelweni, kunye nokuzingela nokuloba, zizinto ezinomdla kwijografi yezoqoqosho.
Yokwakheka komhlaba. Ukuzinikela kuphononongo lokwakheka nobume bamatye kuqweqwe lomhlaba, ijiology inikezela ngejografi ngolwazi oluyimfuneko kwinkcazo yayo ngakumbi yemihlaba eyahlukeneyo, ukwakheka kwamatye ahlukeneyo kunye nemithombo yezimbiwa exhaphakileyo kwingingqi nganye.
Idemokhrasi. Isifundo sabantu kunye neenkqubo zabo zokufuduka kunye nokuhamba sisayensi enxulumene kakhulu nejografi: enyanisweni, ngekhe ibekho ngaphandle kwayo. Namhlanje kunjalo, kunye ne-botany kunye ne-zoology, umthombo obalulekileyo wokutolikwa kunye nedatha enokuqondwa ukuze uqonde ngcono umbono wethu weplanethi.
Ubunjineli bePetroleum. Ngenxa yokuba izifundo zejografi, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi, indawo yezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ngumntu, ezinjengeoyile enqwenelekayo, ihlala isebenza kunye nobunjineli be-petroleum ukuyinika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha kwiidiphozithi zehlabathi kwaye zibuye zifumane ulwazi malunga nomgangatho Ukwakhiwa kunye nokwandiswa okufanayo.
IHydrology. Eli ligama elinikwe inzululwazi efunda imijikelo yamanzi kunye neendlela zokuhamba kwamanzi, ezinjengemilambo okanye amaza. Olo lwazi lubalulekile kwijografi, kuba amanzi enza uphawu emhlabeni kwaye ngenxa yoko atshintsha indlela esimelwe ngayo.
Inkqubela phambili. Le nzululwazi ijongana nesifundo sokwakheka kwemiqolomba kunye nemingxunya engaphantsi komhlaba, edla ngokuthetha ukuba kuyaphicothwa kwaye kuyimephu: kulapho kanye apho iJografi kunye nokuhamba kweendlela ezinqamlezileyo kunye nokusebenzisana khona.
Ubunjineli beenqwelo moya. Ukubanakho ukubhabha kunike ijografi yoluntu umbono omtsha kunye nokwahlukileyo kwihlabathi: umbono "ojolise" wokubonakala kwamazwekazi avela kude, abonisa inkqubela phambili enkulu kuphuhliso lweemaphu. Unamhlanje, ukubanako ukufota esithubeni okanye ukubhabha ngaphaya kweedrones ezixhotyiswe yikhamera kunika amathuba egolide kule sayensi yentlalo.
Imozulu. Le yenye yezinto ekuthiwa ziiNzululwazi zoMhlaba ezihlale kuphononongo lweziganeko zemozulu kunye nokwahluka kwazo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Yindawo esondele kakhulu kwimidla yejografi, yiyo loo nto ngamanye amaxesha ingafani. Into ebalulekileyo kukwazi ukuba babelana ngolwazi malunga nokuhamba komhlaba okungaxhalabisiyo kuphela ukuthanda ukwazi komhlaba, kodwa kananjalo nezolimo, ukubalwa kwabantu, njl njl.
Yezentlalo. Indlela yokuma komhlaba kuluntu esele lukhona yindawo yokuhlangana kunye nesosiology, apho zozibini iinkalo zibonelela ngeenkcukacha-manani, ukutolikwa kunye nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo zokuqonda.
ikhompyutha. Njengazo zonke iinzululwazi zala maxesha kunye noqeqesho, ijografi ikwazuzile kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kwikhompyuter. Iimodeli zeMathematika, isoftware ekhethekileyo, iinkqubo ezihlanganisiweyo zolwazi lwendawo kunye nezinye izixhobo zinokubulelwa ekufakweni kwekhompyuter njengetekhnoloji yomsebenzi.
Ilayibrari. Oko kubizwa ngokuba ziinzululwazi zolwazi kubonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kwijografi, oovimba bayo abaqulathanga iincwadi zodwa, kodwa iiatlasi, iimephu kunye nolunye uhlobo lwamaxwebhu eendawo afuna indlela ethile yokuhlelwa.
Ijometri. Eli sebe lemathematika lifunda ukumila kweenqwelomoya zejometri (imigca, imigca, amanqaku kunye namanani) kunye nobudlelwane obunokubakho phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yoko igalelo lazo libalulekile kulwahlulo lwehlabathi kwimimandla ye-hemispheres nakwiindawo zejografi, meridians kunye nokufana. Enkosi kwiithiyori zakhe, ukubala okubalulekileyo kunye noqikelelo lwejografi lunokwenziwa.
Ukucwangciswa kwedolophu. Ubudlelwane botshintshiselwano phakathi kokucwangciswa kwedolophu kunye nejografi kuyaziwa, kuba eyokuqala ifuna umbono wejografi ukusondela ezixekweni, kwaye ngokwenza njalo kubonelela ngesixa esikhulu solwazi esonyusa ukuqonda kwejografi kwimimandla yasezidolophini.
Iinkcukacha-manani. Njengabanye abaninzi zezeNtlalo, izibalo zimele isixhobo esisisiseko sejografi, kuba ingeyiyo inzululwazi okanye inzululwazi ngqo, kodwa iyachaza kwaye iyatolika, ulwazi lwepesenti kunye nobudlelwane bayo busebenza njengesiseko sendlela yayo kwihlabathi.