Umxholo
UGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) wayengusosayensi wase-Italiya wenkulungwane ye-16, enxibelelene kakhulu noVukelo lwezeNzululwazi olwenzeka eNtshona ngelaxesha leminyaka, ngenxa yegalelo lakhe kwicandelo le-physics, i-astronomy, ubunjineli kunye nemathematics. Uye wabonisa umdla kwezobugcisa (umculo, ukupeyinta, uncwadi) kwaye uthathelwa ingqalelo ngeendlela ezininzi utata wesayensi yanamhlanje.
Unyana wosapho olwezidwangube ezisezantsi, wafunda kwiYunivesithi yasePisa, e-Itali, apho wafunda khona ubugqirha, kodwa ngakumbi imathematics kunye nefiziksi, waba ngumlandeli wee-Euclides, uPythagoras, uPlato noArchimedes, ngenxa yoko esiya kwizikhundla zeAristoteli. Emva kwexesha wayeza kusebenza njengoprofesa waseyunivesithi ePisa nasePadua, kule yokugqibela ngokukhululekileyo, kuba wayelilungu leRiphabhliki yaseVenice apho iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yayingenamandla kangako.
Umsebenzi wakhe wezobunzululwazi wawubalasele kwaye ubalasele ekufumaneni, kunye neziqinisekiso zethiyori ezazisusa into eninzi eyayibanjelwe umhlaba ngelo xesha. Oku kwashukumisela iNkundla yamaRoma yokuNcina amakholwa eNgcwele ukuba inikele ingqalelo kwimibhalo yabo nakwiimpapasho., egweba inkolelo kaCopernican (i-heliocentric, ephikisana ne-geocentrism) yokuba uGalilei wayeza kukhusela "njengobudenge, into engenangqondo kwifilosofi kunye nokukhohlisa ngokusemthethweni".
Ukunyanzelwa ukuba abonise iziphumo zolingo njengee-hypotheses kwaye angabonisi bungqina kuye, wagwetywa ngo-1616 kwaye wagwetywa ngokusesikweni ngo-1633 ngezityholo zobuqhetseba. Ngexesha lenkqubo, bayamnyanzela ukuba avume amatyala akhe phantsi kwesoyikiso sokuhlukunyezwa kwaye arhoxe esidlangalaleni ngezimvo zakhe, esenza njalo ukuze isigwebo sakhe sokuvalelwa ubomi entolongweni sihlehliselwe ukuvalelwa ekhaya.
Ngokwesiko, xa wanyanzelwa ukuba avume esidlangalaleni ukuba umhlaba awushukumi (kuba yayisisazulu sendalo iphela ngokweengcinga zika-Aristotelian), uGalileo wongeze oko "Eppur si muove” (Nangona kunjalo, iyahamba) njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokuxhasa izimvo zakho zesayensi xa ujongene nolawulo lwecawa.
Ekugqibeleni uza kufa eArcetri eneminyaka engama-77, ejikelezwe ngabafundi bakhe kwaye engaboni kakuhle.
Imizekelo yegalelo nguGalileo Galilei
- Ukugqibelela iteleskopu. Ngaphandle kokungayiqulunqi ngokufanelekileyo, kuba ngo-1609 uGalileo ngokwakhe wafumana iindaba zokuvela kwezinto ezazisenza sikwazi ukubona izinto kumgama omde kakhulu, kufanelekile ukuthi uGalileo waba negalelo elikhulu ekwenzeni imveliso yeeteleskopu njengoko sizazi. Ngo-1610 usosayensi ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba wakha ngaphezu kwe-60 yeenguqulelo zayo, kwaye zonke azisebenzi kakuhle kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, zamveza ehlazweni phambi kwabasemagunyeni. Nangona kunjalo, eyabo yayiyeyokuqala ukufumana umfanekiso othe ngqo wento ebonwayo, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweelensi ezahlukileyo kwiliso lokujonga.
- Fumanisa umthetho we-isochrony we-pendulums. Umgaqo okhokelayo we-pendulum dynamics ubizwa njalo, ke kufanelekile ukuthi uGalileo wawafumana njengoko siwaqonda namhlanje. Waqulunqa umthetho-siseko othi u-oscillation we-pendulum wobude obunikiweyo uzimeleyo kumgama ophakamileyo oshenxayo ukusuka kwindawo yolingano. Lo mgaqo ngulowo we-isochronism, kwaye wazama ukuwusebenzisa okokuqala kwiindlela zewotshi.
- Yakha i-thermoscope yokuqala kwimbali. Iqulunqwe ngo-1592 nguGalileo, olu hlobo lwethemometha olungacacanga lwenze ukuba kube lula ukwahlula ukunyuka nokuwa kweqondo lobushushu, nangona ingazange ivumele ukuba ibalinganise okanye iphakamise naluphi na uhlobo lwenqanaba. Okwangoku, yayiyinkqubela phambili enkulu yexesha, kunye nesiseko sayo nayiphi na itekhnoloji yokulinganisa ubushushu. Namhlanje zigcinwa, kodwa njengezinto zokuhombisa.
- Misela umthetho wesindululo esikhawulezayo ngokufanayo. Kuyaziwa namhlanje ngeli gama kuhlobo lwentshukumo amava omzimba, isantya saso esonyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngamanani aqhelekileyo nakwizixa esiqhelekileyo. UGalileo wafika koku kufunyanwa kuthotho lweethiyori zezibalo kunye neengcinga kwaye, kuthiwa, kukuqwalaselwa kwelitye eliwayo, isantya salo esonyuka rhoqo ngexesha.
- Wayekhusela kwaye eqinisekisa iingcamango zeCopernican malunga neAristotelian. Oku kubhekisa ngokuthe ngqo kumbono we-geocentric owacetyiswa ngu-Aristotle kwiminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ngaphambi kukaKrestu, kwaye wamkelwa ngokusesikweni yiCawe yamaKatolika, njengoko yayihambelana nemithetho yayo yendalo. Kwelinye icala, uGalileo wayikhusela ithisisi kaNicolás Copernicus, lowo iziko lendalo iphela alinakuba ngumhlaba, ojikeleza kuwo iinkwenkwezi, kodwa ilanga: ithisisi yelanga. Olu khuselo ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngokujonga inyanga, amaza, ezinye iziganeko zommandla wendalo kunye nokuzalwa kweenkwenkwezi ezintsha (nova), kuya kwenza uGalileo atshutshiswe yimikhosi yeCawe kunye neenzululwazi zakhe ezininzi.
- Ngqina ubukho beentaba enyangeni. Esi siqinisekiso, kunye nezinye ezibonisa umdla wakhe kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, kamva, emva kokwenza iteleskopu, isixhobo esiguqula ubomi bomTaliyane. Ukujongwa kweentaba zenyanga kuyaphikisana nemigaqo ka-Aristotelian yokugqibelela kwesibhakabhaka, ekuthi kuyo inyanga yayigudile kwaye ingaguquki. Oku ngaphandle kwento yokuba ibingakwazi ukubala ngokuchanekileyo ubungakanani bayo, ngenxa yokungenakwenzeka kokwazi umgama phakathi komhlaba nenyanga ngelo xesha.
- Fumanisa iisathelayithi zeJupiter. Mhlawumbi eyona nto aziwa kakhulu nguGalileo, kangangokuba iinyanga zikaJupiter zaziwa namhlanje njengee "satellite zaseGalile": Io, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede. Lo mbono wawuguquguqukayo, kuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi nyanga zine zijikeleze enye iplanethi kwabonisa ukuba ayizizo zonke iinkwenkwezi zezulu ezijikeleze uMhlaba, kwaye oku kungqina ubuxoki bemodeli yokuma komhlaba eyaliwa nguGalileo.
- Funda amabala elanga. Oku kufunyenwe kuye kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuphikisa ukugqibelela kwamazulu, ngaphandle kwento yokuba izazinzulu zelo xesha zazichaza njengesithunzi seeplanethietoids phakathi kwelanga nomhlaba. Ukubonakaliswa kwala mabala kusivumele ukuba sicinge ngokujikeleza kwelanga, kwaye ke kunjalo noMhlaba. Ukujonga ukujikeleza komhlaba yayikukujongela phantsi umbono wokuba iLanga lihamba lijikeleza.
- Phanda ubume beMilky Way. UGalileo wenza ezinye iinkwenkwezi ezininzi kumnyele wethu, phakathi kweteleskopu yakhe. Qaphela i-novae (iinkwenkwezi ezintsha), bonisa ukuba uninzi lweenkwenkwezi ezibonakalayo esibhakabhakeni zingamaqela azo, okanye ufumane umbono wamakhonkco eSaturn okokuqala.
- Fumanisa izigaba zeVenus. Oku kufunyanisiweyo, ngo-1610, kuqinise ukholo lukaGalileo kwinkqubo yeCopernican, kuba ubungakanani obubonakalayo beVenus bunokulinganiswa buchazwe ngokwendlela yayo ejikeleze ilanga, engenangqondo ngokwenkqubo kaPtolemaic ekhuselwe ngamaJesuit. ezathi zonke iinkwenkwezi zajikeleza uMhlaba. Bejamelene nobungqina obungenakuphikiswa, uninzi lwabachasi bakhe babalekela kwiingcinga zikaTycho Brahe, apho iLanga neNyanga zajikeleza uMhlaba kunye nezinye iiplanethi ezijikeleze iLanga.
