Amafutha

Umxholo

• Iindidi zezibaso
• Iimpawu zezibaso
• Imizekelo yezibaso

Ibizwa njalo izibaso kuyo yonke imicimbi esengozini yokuphendula igcwala Imikhosi enobundlobongela ekhupha ubungakanani bamandla obushushu (exothermic), ihlala ikhupha icarbon dioxide (CO₂) kunye nezinye iikhompawundi njengenkunkuma. Oku kuziphatha kwaziwa njengokutsha kunye nokuphendula kwifomula:

ipetroli + i-oxidizer = iimveliso + zamandla

• Inkqubo ye- izibaso kunjalo,izinto ezinokutsha, ezinokubakho ngokulinganayo ngokwekhaloriIsebenziseka ngumntu ukufudumeza amakhaya akho, ukupheka ukutya kwakho, kunye nokuvelisa umbane (njengakwizityalo zamandla) okanye ukuhamba (njengakwiinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi).
• Inkqubo ye-ioksijiniNgakolunye uhlangothi, zizinto okanye iindlela ezinokukwazi ukukhuthaza le nkqubo yokutsha. Zizona zinamandla kakhulu.

Iindidi zezibaso

Kukho iindlela ezahlukileyo zokubasa kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula, kodwa phakathi kwazo zonke ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukuthathela ingqalelo umgaqo-siseko wazo, othi:

• Amafutha ezimbiwa. Imalunga ne iintsimbi kunye nezinto ezifunyenwe kwindalo kwaye zinokutsha phantsi kweemeko zendalo okanye nakwiimeko ezithile, ezinje ngesinyithi esithile esivelisa ilangatye ngaphandle kobukho beoksijini.
• Ifosili yeefuweli. Kubandakanya amatyathanga amade hydrocarbon yemvelaphi yendalo, ethi, iphantsi koxinzelelo lwendalo kunye intlenga baba zizinto zamandla aphezulu eekhalori, ezinjengeoyile okanye amalahle.
• Amafutha okuhlanganisa. Ezi zinto zezendalo okanye zokwenziwa kwezinto ezinemitha yeathom, ukukhutshwa kwazo kunokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ukusabela kwetyathiki ngamandla amakhulu, afana nalawo avela kwibhombu yeatom.
• Izinto eziphilayo. Ezi zizinto ezinokutsha ezifunyenwe kulungiso kunye nokubila kwe-anaerobic inkunkuma yendalo, ukwenza ii-alcohols okanye i-ether yomthamo wekhalori kodwa ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kwimveliso.
• Amafutha oMzimba. Imalunga ne amafutha, iioyile kunye nezinye izinto ezinemvelaphi ephilayo endalo yazo ivumela ucinezelo phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye esihlala sizisebenzisa ekhitshini.

Iimpawu zezibaso

Amafutha anoluhlu lwezinto eziguquguqukayo zeekhemikhali ezibonisa iipropathi zazo ezithile kwaye bafunda kuzo, ezinje:

• Ukufudumeza amandla. Ukuveliswa kobushushu kumafutha, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza kwawo ngexesha lokutsha.
• Ubushushu ucinezelo. Inqaku lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo olufunekayo ukuze umlilo okanye ilangatye lenzeke kwimeko, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokongeza ubushushu obongezelelweyo ukuze uqhubeke.
• Ubuninzi kunye ne-viscosity. Iimpawu zento enokutsha ebonisa ukungangqinelani kwayo kunye nayo mninziOko kukuthi, ubunzima bebonke bento ngokobungakanani bayo kunye nenqanaba lokudibana phakathi kwamasuntswana ayo okanye ukumiswa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezikuyo.
• Umxholo wokufuma. Chaza inqanaba lamanzi akhoyo kwipetroli.

Imizekelo yezibaso

1. Amalahle. Amalahle yenye yeentlobo zekhabhon kwindalo, kunye negraphite nedayimani: ukudityaniswa kwe iiathom yale nto, kodwa icwangciswe ngendlela eyahluke kakhulu, ukuze ezinye zixhathise kunezinye kwaye zibe neempawu ezahlukileyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Kwimeko yamalahle ezimbiwa, lilitye elinokutsha elimnyama nelinokutsha, ngenxa yomxholo owongezelelweyo wehydrogen, isalfure nezinye izinto.
2. Umthi. Idityaniswe neselulosi kunye ne-lignin, efihliweyo sisiqu semithi, iinkuni zikhula unyaka nonyaka kwinkqubo yemisesane yokugxila. Ibiyinto yamafutha e-quintessential ye-oveni, indawo yokubasa umlilo nangaphezulu ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, njengoko itshisa ngokulula kwaye yenza iifom (zokupheka kwi-grill). Oku kaninzi kubangela imililo yehlathi ekwaziyo ukuchitha amaphepha amakhulu emithi kunye izinto eziphilayo yomile.
3. Iparafini. Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-canfin okanye i-kerex, ngumxube wamanzi wehydrocarbons, onokutsha kwaye ufumaneke ngeoyile, eqale yasetyenziswa kwizitovu nakwizibane kwaye namhlanje isetyenziswa njenge-jet fuel (Jet Petrol) kunye nasekwenzeni i-pesticides kunye nesinyibilikisi.
4. Ipetroli. Owona mveliso ucocekileyo ophuma kwizibaso zeoyile, lo mxube wehydrocarbons ufunyanwa ulwelo iqhezu (i-FCC) kwaye isetyenziselwa ukunika amandla iinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kwihlabathi liphela. Inokusebenza kwamandla aphezulu ngokobunzima bayo kwaye yahlulwa ngokwenombolo yangoku ye-octane okanye inombolo ye-octane. Ukutsha kwayo, nangona kunjalo, kukhupha iigesi ezininzi kwaye izinto eziyityhefu emoyeni.
5. Utywala. Eli gama liyaziwa ngezinto zemvelo ezenziwe liqela lehydroxyl (-OH) edityaniswe ngokudibeneyo kwiathom yekhabhoni. Zizinto eziqhelekileyo kwindalo kwaye ziveliswa njengesiphumo se ukubila iswekile yendalo. Iimpawu zazo zeekhemikhali zibenza ukuba banyibilike kakuhle, amafutha kunye, kwimeko ethile ye-ethanol, icandelo lemimoya emininzi.
6. Irhasi yendalo. Irhasi yendalo yi ifosili yefuweli imveliso yomxube olula weehydrocarboni ezinerhasi ezinokufumaneka kumachibi angaphantsi komhlaba okanye ahamba namalahle okanye iidipozithi zeoyile kwindalo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukwenza iinjini zokutsha, ukufudumeza ezidolophini kunye nezityalo zamandla.
7. Amafutha emifuno. Le ngxube yezinto eziphilayo ifunyanwa kwimbewu, iziqhamo kunye neziqu zezityalo eziveliswa kwizicwili zazo, njengejongilanga, umnquma okanye umbona. Yenziwe, njengoninzi weeasidi ezinamafutha, ezintathu ezinamanqatha acid ezinxulunyaniswe nemolekyuli ye-glycerin, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa njengokutya -ukupheka-, ukwenza iisepha kunye nezinye iimveliso, kwaye njenge-biofuel kwizithuthi ezihlanganisiweyo okanye ezilungisiweyo.
8. Benzene. Le hydrocarbon inevumba elimnandi lekhemikhali C₆H₆, oneeathom zekhabhoni ezihlala kwihexagon eqhelekileyo, lulwelo olungenambala nolunokutsha kakhulu, lubangela umdlavuza kwaye lunevumba elimnandi. Mhlawumbi yeyona khemikhali iveliswa kakhulu emhlabeni, kuba kubalulekile ukwenza ezinye iihydrocarbon kunye iikhompawundi zemichiza, ukongeza ekubeni yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezibaso zezithuthi kunye nezixazululi.
9. Magnesium. Izinto zeMichiza ezinophawu uMg, eyesixhenxe ngobuninzi kuqweqwe lomhlaba kunye neyesithathu phakathi kwezo zichithwe emanzini olwandle. Yinto ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi, nangona esi sinyithi singaze sicoceke kwindalo. Inokutsha kakhulu, ngakumbi ngohlobo lweetshiphusi okanye uthuli, evelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe okuqinileyo okwakusoloko kusetyenziswa kwiintsuku zokuqala zokufota. Nangona kunjalo, yakuba ivuliwe kunzima ukuyicima, xa inikwa kwakhona nge-nitrogen kunye ne-CO.₂ yeatmosfera.
10. Ipropane. Irhasi engenambala, engenavumba kunye nefomula yeekhemikhali u-C₃H₈, Ukungabinakutsha ogama kakhulu kwaye explosiveness kwenza kube efanelekileyo, kunye gas butane (C₄H₁₀), kwii-oveni zombane, izitovu nakwezinye iimeko zasekhaya, kuba kubushushu begumbi ayifakwanga kwaye ke ikhuselekile noko. Zombini ezi zinto zifunyanwa kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba okusulungekisa ioyile kwaye xa zizonke zenza uninzi lweegesi ezinokutsha ezisetyenziselwa urhwebo namhlanje (i-liquefied gas) kwiisilinda nakwiikarafu.