Umxholo
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo olwahlulahlula ifayile ye- iinkqubo ezivulekileyo ye iinkqubo ezivaliweyoOko kukuthi, abo banonxibelelwano olomeleleyo nangaphandle kwabo babonakaliswa ngokusebenza ngaphandle kwendalo esingqongileyo.
Inkqubo ye- iinkqubo ezivaliweyo Zezo zinokuziphatha okuzimeleyo, kwaye azinxibelelani nezinye iiarhente ezibonakalayo ezingaphandle kwayo. Akukho buhlobo bungunobangela okanye unxibelelwano nayo nantoni na engaphandle, kwaye ke banokuphila ngokwendlela yokusebenza kwabo.
Zimbini iintlobo zeenkqubo ezivaliweyo, ngokungqinelana nokuba ukungabikho kokutshintshiselana ngaphandle kuphelele (okwenzeka kwimeko yeenkqubo bebodwa) okanye ukuba akukho tshintshiselwano nge umba, Kodwa kukho ukutshintshiselana kwamandla (okwenzeka kwiinkqubo ezomileyo ezivaliweyo).
Ingakukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziVulekileyo neziValiweyo
- Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziVulekileyo, eziValiweyo neziQhelekileyo
Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziValiweyo
Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo evaliweyo kwezi nkqubo zine ukumisela kunye nokuziphatha okucwangcisiweyo, kwaye banotshintshiselwano oluncinci kakhulu lwamandla kunye nemicimbi nokusingqongileyo: incinci kakhulu kangangokuba ayinandlela yokungenelela kuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwenkqubo.
Okulandelayo, indlela yemizekelo yeenkqubo ezinokusebenza njengeenkqubo ezivaliweyo:
- Iwotshi yomoya, ethi ukuze isebenze ifuna ukuba kungabikho lutshintsho kubushushu okanye imeko yangaphandle.
- Inqwelo moya, nangona ikhuphela ngaphandle iigesi ezithile ngaphandle, ifuna kwezinye iimeko ukuba ivalwe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuze ubomi nokuphefumla kwenzeke kwiimitha ezininzi kangaka zobude.
- Izixhobo zenyukliya.
- Ibhaluni enomoya.
- Ibhetri yemoto.
- I-thermos eyakhiwe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuze iqondo lobushushu lihlale lingaguqukanga kokuncinci.
- Iplanethi yomhlaba (itshintshana ngamandla kodwa akunamsebenzi)
- Indalo iphela, iqondwa iyonke.
- Umabonwakude.
- Umpheki woxinzelelo ongavumeli igesi ukuba ibaleke.
Ingakukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziVulekileyo
- Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziVulekileyo, eziValiweyo kunye neeSemi ezivaliweyo
Iimpawu
Uphawu olwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo kukuba eyona nkcazo yokungabikho konxibelelwano ngaphandle ifuna oko Zonke ii-equation ezichaza intshukumo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo zinokuxhomekeka kuphela kwizinto eziguquguqukayo kunye nezinto eziqulathwe kwinkqubo.
Ukukhethwa kwemvelaphi yexesha kuhambelana, kwaye ke ulingano lwendalo yexeshana aluguquguquki ngokubhekisele kuguqulelo lwexeshana: oku kuthetha ukuba amandla alondoloziwe, nawo ahambelana nenkcazo yezi nkqubo.
Ukuba inkqubo ivaliwe, ke naluphi na utshintsho oluncinci lwangaphakathi lwenkqubo lubangelwa kukudluliselwa kobushushu kunye nomsebenzi owenziweyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kuchanekile ukuthi ukuba inkqubo inyusa amandla ayo kwinkqubo ye-thermodynamic, yonke indalo iphulukana namandla alinganayo. Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo, ubhalwe njenge-U = Q-Q -W.
