Umxholo
Ithiyiwe ingxubevange kwinkqubo apho izinto ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu, zihlala ziyintsimbi, zidityaniswe zayiyunithi enye ezuza iipropathi zombini. Ubukhulu becala iialloys ziqwalaselwa imixube, kuba iiathom zezinto ezidibeneyo azivelisi, ngaphandle kweemeko ezinqabileyo, iimpendulo zamachiza ezidibanisa iiathom zazo.
Ngokwesiqhelo, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwii-alloys ziyintsimbi: isinyithi, i-aluminium, ubhedu, ilothe njl.njl isinyithi element kunye neyesinyithi: ikharbon, isalfure, iarsenic, iphosphorus, njl.
Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezivela kumxube zihlala zinempawu zesinyithi (kukhanya, Uqhuba ubushushu kunye nombane, unobunzima obuncinci okanye obuncinci, ubuninzi okanye ubuncinci be-malleability, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ductility, njl.
Iintlobo zealloys
Ihlala yahlukaniswa phakathi kwealkloys esekwe kwinto enye ngaphezulu kwezinye (umzekelo, iialloys zethusi), kodwa kananjalo Ziye zahlelwa ngokwenani lezinto ezichaphazelekayo kumxubeoko kukuthi:
- UBhanari. Zenziwe ngamacandelo amabini (isiseko kunye ne-alloying element).
- Ternary. Zenziwe ngezinto ezintathu (isiseko kunye neealloys ezimbini).
- Quaternary. Zenziwe ngezinto ezine (isiseko sezinto kunye neealloys ezintathu).
- Zintsonkothile. Zenziwe ngezinto ezintlanu okanye nangaphezulu (isiseko kunye neealloys ezine okanye nangaphezulu).
Olunye udidi olunokubakho umahluko phakathi kwealloys ezinzima kunye nokukhanya, ngokweempawu zesiseko sesinyithi. Ke, iialloys aluminium ziya kuba lula, kodwa iialloys zentsimbi ziya kuba nzima.
Iipropati ze-alloy
Iimpawu ezithile ingxubevange nganye baxhomekeke kwizinto ezichaphazelekayo kumxube, kodwa nakwinxalenye ekhoyo phakathi kwabo.
Ke, ngokongeza izinto ezingaphezulu kokufaka izinto ezithile, amanqaku athile ezinto ezisisiseko aya kuguqulwa ngakumbi, ukwenzakalisa abanye. Eli nani, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-alloy, lingahluka phakathi kweepesenti ezincinci (0.2 ukuya kwi-2%) okanye ngakumbi ezibonakalayo kumxube.
Imizekelo yealam
- Intsimbi. Le ngxubevange ibalulekile kwishishini lokwakha, kuba isetyenziselwa ukwenza imiqadi okanye inkxaso yokugalela ikhonkrithi okanye ikhonkrithi. Yinto enqabileyo kwaye engahambelaniyo, imveliso ye-alloy yensimbi kunye nekhabhoni, ngokukodwa, nangona ingaba ne-silicon, isulfure kunye ne-oksijini kwimilinganiselo emincinci. Ubukho bekhabhoni benza ukuba i-iron inyamezele ngakumbi ukubola kunye ne-brittle ngakumbi ngaxeshanye, ke kwiimeko ezinqabileyo idlula ipesenti encinci. Ngokutsho kobukho beli nqaku lokugqibela, uluhlu lonke lwezinto ezinokusetyenziswa luyafumaneka.
- Ubhedu. Le nto isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumzi-mveliso weekhonteyina, ngakumbi ezo zenzelwe ukutya okungonakaliyo, nakwimibhobho yasekhaya kunye neempompo. Ifunyenwe kwi-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc, i-ductile ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye ilula kwaye ikhanya ngokulula xa iphosiweyo. Ngokwenani eliphakathi kwezinto, kunokwenzeka ukuba kufumaneke okwahlukileyo ngeepropathi ezahlukeneyo: ngaphezulu okanye kancinci ukumelana ne oxide, ethe-ethe okanye ethe-ethe ethe-ethe, njl.
- Ubhedu. Ibronzi idlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu, njengesixhobo sokwenza izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezinto zomkhosi. Iintsimbi ezininzi zenziwa ngalo mbandela, kunye neengqekembe ezininzi, iimedali, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesizwe kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zasekhaya, besebenzisa ithuba lokungabinabunono kwayo kunye nokufunyanwa kwezoqoqosho kubhedu nakwi-tin.
- Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo. Oku kwahluka kwesinyithi esiqhelekileyo (ikhabhoni yentsimbi) kuxabisekile kukunganyamezeli kwayo okukhulu, kuyenza ilungele ukwenza izinto zasekhitshini, iinxalenye zemoto kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Ukufumana le ntsimbi, i-chromium kunye ne-nickel zisetyenziselwa ingxubevange ngentsimbi.
- Amalgam. Ngokusetyenziswa gwenxa ngenxa yemixholo ye-mercury eyenza ityhefu emzimbeni womntu, oku kuzaliswa kwesinyithi kwakusetyenziselwa ukutywina amazinyo ngoogqirha bamazinyo. Yiyo i-alloy yesilivere, i-tin, ithusi kunye ne-mercury kwinto ye-pasty eyomeleleyo xa isomileyo.
- I-Duralumin. I-Duralumin yintsimbi elula kwaye enganyangekiyo, edibanisa iipropati zobhedu kunye nealuminium, ekuthi imveliso yayo ibe ngumxube. Isetyenziswe kwishishini le-aeronautical kunye nezinye ezifuna ukukhanya, izinto ezinobungozi kunye ne-rust-resistant material.
- Pewter. Imveliso ye-alloy ye-zinc, ilothe, i-tin kunye ne-antimony, yinto ekudala isetyenziswa ekucaciseni izinto zasekhitshini (iikomityi, iipleyiti, iimbiza, njl. Njl) ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo okugqithileyo kunye nokuqhutywa kobushushu. I-malleable kakhulu, ipropathi engathandabuzekiyo efumanekayo kwi-elasticity ekhethekileyo yelothe.
- Igolide emhlophe. Izinto ezininzi ezinamatye anqabileyo (amakhonkco, izacholo zomqala, njl. Njl.) Kunye nezinto zokuhombisa zenziwe kwinto ekuthiwa yeyigolide emhlophe: intsimbi ekhazimlayo, ekhazimlayo nenqabileyo efumaneka ngokudibanisa igolide, ubhedu, i-nickel kunye ne-zinc. Kukulungele ukwenza ubucwebe obukhaphukhaphu kunegolide esulungekileyo, kwaye ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise okuncinci izimbiwa ezixabisekileyo, ukufezekisa izinto ezingabizi kakhulu.
- Magnalium. Esinye isinyithi esifunwa kakhulu ngumzi mveliso weemoto kunye wokunkonkxa, kuba ngaphandle kokuxinana kwayo kubunzima, ukuqina kunye namandla okuqina. Ifunyenwe ngokudibanisa ialuminium enomxholo wemagniziyam (phantse i-10%).
- Isinyithi somthi. Esi sinyithi safumana igama laso kugqirha wamazinyo uBarnabás Wood, umenzi waso, kwaye sisixhobo se-50% ye-bismuth, i-25% ekhokelayo, i-12.5% ye-tin kunye ne-12.5% ye-cadmium. Ngaphandle kwetyhefu yayo, inikezwe isikhokelo kunye ne-cadmium equlethweyo, isetyenziselwa ukunyibilika kunye neentsimbi, ikhupha iigesi ezingafunekiyo. Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, zikhona ezinye iindlela ezinetyhefu ezinokusetyenziswa.
- Intsimbi yentsimi. Le ngxubevange ye-bismuth (32.5%), i-indium (51%) kunye ne-tin (16.5%) iba lulwelo kwi-60 ° C, ke isetyenziselwa ukubumba umzi mveliso kunye neprototyping, okanye njengokutshintshwa kwesinyithi seWood.
- UGalinstano. Esinye sezinyithi ekuye kwazanywa ukuba sithathe indawo yealloys nge-mercury (ityhefu), yile alloy ye-gallium, i-indium kunye ne-tin. Lulwelo kubushushu bamagumbi kwaye alubonakalisi kangako kwaye aluxinananga kune-mercury. Inezicelo ezinjengefriji.
- URose Metal. Kwaziwa njenge URose Alloy Sisinyithi esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-welding kunye ne-fusion, imveliso emva koko i-alloy ye-bismuth (50%), lead (25%) kunye ne-tin (25%).
- NaK. Iyaziwa ngeli gama kwi-alloy ye-sodium (Na) kunye ne-potassium (K), into ene-oxidizing kakhulu, ekwazi ukukhupha inani elikhulu lamandla e-caloric (eyoyikisayo). Iigrama ezimbalwa zanele, xa unxibelelana neoksijini esemoyeni zanele ukuqala umlilo. Nangona kunjalo, le alloy ingamanzi kubushushu begumbi kwaye isetyenziswa njenge ukuguqula, ifriji okanye i-desiccant yemizi-mveliso.
- Kubalulekile. Ingxubevange ye-cobalt (65%), i-chromium (25%) kunye ne-molybdenum (6%) kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci (i-iron, i-nickel), yaveliswa okokuqala ngo-1932 kwaye iyasetyenziswa ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo kwaye ukumelana ngokugqithisileyo nokubola kunye neqondo lobushushu. Zenziwe ngezixhobo zotyando ezibalulekileyo, iiturbines zokuphendula okanye amagumbi okutsha.
