Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- alkanes Iklasi yehydrocarbon apho inani eliguqukayo le iiathom zekhabhoni zidityaniswe ziibhondi enye, njengamathambo, kwaye iathom nganye yekhabhoni nayo incamathele kuyo iiathom zehydrogen, enokuthi ekugqibeleni ithathelwe indawo yenye iiathom okanye amaqela eekhemikhali.
Ifomula yee-alkanes yile CnH2n + 2, apho i-C imele ikhabhoni, H imele i-hydrogen kwaye u-n umele inani lee-athomu zekhabhoni. Alkanes ezigcwele hydrocarbon. Ukuthiya amagama, isimamva “-unyaka”.
Ingakukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeAlkynes
- Imizekelo yeAlkenes
Ukwahlulahlula
Ngaphakathi kwii-alkanes, amaqela amabini amakhulu ahlala eqatshelwa ngumahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwawo: itsheyini evulekileyo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiacyclic) kunye ivaliwe (okanye ujikelezo).
Xa iikhompawundi ezivulekileyo zetyathanga zingafakwanga indawo yehydrogens ehamba neathom nganye yekhabhoni, zibizwa njalo alkanes ezinomgca: ezi zezona alkanes zilula. Xa besenza into ebambekayo, bayabizwa alkanes ezinamasebe. Ezona zinto zixhaphake ngokuxhaphakileyo ngamaqela ehydroxyl kunye ne-methyl, kunye nee-halogen.
Kwelinye icala, kukho iikhompawundi ezinomjikelo omnye kwimolekyuli kwaye ezinye zineqela; zibizwa ngokuba yi-monocyclic kunye ne-polycyclic, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-cyclic alkanes inokuba njalo imvelaphi okanye iiherterocyclic.
- Ezokuqala zenziwa ngongenelelo olukhethekileyo lweeathom zekhabhon.
- Kule yokugqibela, ezinye iiathom zithatha inxaxheba, umzekelo, ioksijini okanye isalfure.
Iimpawu zomzimba
Ngokubanzi, iipropathi ezibonakalayo zealkanes zibekwe kwimeko ye- Ubunzima beemolekyuli (emva koko inxulunyaniswa nobude). Abo banamanani asezantsi eekhabhoni gase kubushushu begumbi, ezo ziqala ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya kwi-18 yeeathom zekhabhoni ulwelo, kwaye ngaphezulu kweli nani zi yomelele (iyafana ne-wax).
Ukuba incinci kunamanzi, badla ngokudada ngaphezulu. Ngokubanzi, ialkali azinyibiliki emanzini kwaye inyibilika kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Banikezela ngenqanaba eliphezulu lokuvula amandla.
Inkqubo ye- alkanes zibonakaliswa ngokuba iikhompawundi zemichiza kakhuluUkungasebenzi kwakhona kakuhle, yiyo loo nto besaziwa njenge "iiparafini" (ngesiLatini, parum affinis lithetha "ukudibana okuphantsi"). Olona phendulo lubaluleke kakhulu olunokufunyanwa zii-alkanes yile ukutsha, ukuvelisa ubushushu, icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi phambi kweoksijini.
I-Alkanes sisiseko seendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphendula ezinxulunyaniswa neenkqubo zorhwebo ezibaluleke kakhulu, zibe zezona zibaso zemveli. Zikwabonakala njengeemveliso zokuphela kweenkqubo zebhayiloji ezinje ngokubila kwe-methanogenic eyenziwa ngamanye iintsholongwane.
Imizekelo yeealkanes
Siza kukhankanya ii-alkanes ezingamashumi amabini, kubandakanya ezaziwayo zomgca kunye nezo zinamasebe, ukuya esiphelweni koluhlu:
- IChloroform (igama elihle le trichloromethane; CHCl3- umphunga wale nto wawusetyenziswa njenge-anesthetic kwixa elidlulileyo. Inqunyanyisiwe ngenxa yesi sizathu kuba ifunyenwe yonakalisa amalungu abalulekileyo, anjengesibindi okanye izintso. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo namhlanje kubaluleke kakhulu njenge-solvent okanye i-coolant.
- Imethane (CH4) - le yeyona alkane ilula kunazo zonke: yenziwe yodwa i-athomu yekhabhon kunye nehydrogen ezine. Yirhasi eyenzeka ngokwendalo ngokubola kwezahlulo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, kwaye lelona candelo liphambili lerhasi yendalo. Kumaxesha akutshanje kuye kwaqatshelwa njengenye yeegesi ezinegalelo elikhulu kwinto ebizwa ngokuba sisiphumo sombane.
- UOctane (C8H18-I-alkhabhoni ye-alkane yesibhozo kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kuba ibeka umgangatho wokugqibela wenaphthas, ongumxube ezahlukeneyo hydrocarbon. Lo mgangatho ulinganiswa ngenombolo ye-octane okanye inombolo ye-octane ye-fuel, ethatha njengesalathiso se-detonating one (index 100) kunye ne-detonating one (index 0).
- IHexane (C6H14) - sisinyibilikisi esibalulekileyo, ukuphefumla kufuneka kuthintelwe, kuba kuyityhefu.
- Butane (C4H10Kunye nepropane (C3H8), Yenza oko kubizwa ngokuba zii-liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), ezenziwa kwiingxowa zegesi ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhutshwa kweoyile. Ukutshintshwa kwepetroli okanye idizili yi-LPG njengamafutha kuyanda, kuba iyindawo enobungozi ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo ngokukhupha kuphela ikharbon diokside kunye namanzi kumlilo wayo.
- Icosano -Yiyo le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-al-carbon alkane (isimaphambili 'ico' sithetha amashumi amabini)
- ICypopropane - eyayisetyenziswa njenge-anesthetic
- n heptane -I-alkane yile ethathwe njengesalathiso senqaku le-octane yesikali sepetroli, esinokuba sesona sinqweneleka kakhulu, kuba sitshisa kakhulu. Ifunyenwe kwintlaka yezityalo ezithile.
- I-3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- I-3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- I-3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- ibhayikhi
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- I-5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- I-3,3-dimethyl decane
Ingakukhonza:Imizekelo yeeHydrocarbon
