Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- ukuqondwa kwebhakteria kunye nendlela yokuhlelwa yiTincture yeGram, yaqanjwa sisazinzulu saseDenmark uChristian Gram ngo-1884 kwaye ukusuka apho ibizwa ngegama layo. Iqukethe ntoni?
Iqukethe ukongeza uluhlu oluthile lwee-pigment kunye ne-mordants kwisampuli yaselebhu, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ibala elipinki okanye le-violet, kuxhomekeke uhlobo lweebhaktheriya: i Igram efanelekileyo baphendula ngombala kwaye baya kubonakala babomfusa phantsi kwemicroscope; Ngelixa i Igram engekho bayamelana nokudyobha kwaye baya kuyenza ibomvu okanye ipinki ngombala.
Lo mahluko kwimpendulo ubonakalisa ubume obahlukeneyo bemvulophu yeseli, ukusukela Igram efanelekileyo Banobungqingili obuninzi be-peptidoglycan (murein), ebanika ukuxhathisa okukhulu kodwa ibenze bayigcine ngcono idayi. Inkqubo ye- Iigrama ezingekhoyo, Endaweni yoko, bane-lipid membrane kwimvulophu yabo, ke bafuna umaleko omncinci we-peptidoglycan kwaye, ke ngoko, abanabala ngendlela efanayo.
Le ndlela ityhila ubuchwephesha bendalo bentsholongwane, buluncedo xa kuchongwa uhlobo kwaye ngakumbi iyeza elifunekayo ukulwa nalo.
Nangona iibacteria zegram-gridi ziindidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye zininzi, kukho ubukho bezinto ezihambahambayo (ii-flagellates) kunye ne-photosynthetic, i-gram-negative bacteria inoxanduva lwezifo ezininzi ezibulala iintsholongwane.
Imizekelo yebacteria yegram-positive
- IStaphylococcus aureus. Ukujongana namathumba, i-dermatitis, usulelo lwasekhaya kunye ne-gastroenteritis.
- IStreptococcus pyrogenes. Unobangela wosulelo olongezelelekileyo kwindawo yokuphefumla, kunye nerheumatic fever.
- IStreptococcus aglactiae. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimeko ze-neonatal meningitis, i-endometritis kunye ne-pneumonia.
- IStreptococcus faecalis. Okuqhelekileyo kusulelo lwe-biliary kunye ne-urinary tract, ehlala kwikholon yabantu.
- IStreptococcus pneumoniae. Unoxanduva lwenyumoniya kunye nosulelo lweendlela zokuphefumla, kunye ne-otitis, meningitis kunye ne-peritonitis.
- IStreptococcus sanguis. I-Causative ye-endocarditis, xa ingena egazini ngokusebenzisa izilonda kwindawo ezihlala kuyo, emlonyeni kunye ne-mucosa yamazinyo.
- Clostridium tetani. Intsholongwane enoxanduva lwe-tetanus ingena emzimbeni isemhlabeni ngenxa yomothuko ukuya eziphelweni.
- I-Bacillus anthracis. Yibacteria eyaziwayo ye-anthrax, zombini kwiinguqulelo zayo ezisikiweyo kunye neze-pulmonary.
- IClostridium botullinum. Isizathu se-classic kunye neentsana ze-botulism, sihlala emhlabeni nasekutyeni okungalondolozwanga kakuhle.
- I-Clostridium yenziwa. Le bhaktiriya ifixa iityhefu ezitshabalalisa udonga lweseli, kwaye inoxanduva lwemigulukudu, i-necrotizing enteritis, kunye ne-endometritis.
Imizekelo yebacteria yegram-negative
- I-Neisseria meningitidis. Ibhaktiriya eyingozi ebangela i-meningitis kunye ne-meningococcemia, ikholoniyali yendlela yokuphefumla komntu kwaye inyukele kwi-meninges ngegazi.
- I-Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Eyaziwa ngokuba ngunobangela we-gonorrhea, isifo esiqhelekileyo sesondo.
- Escherichia coli. Umhlali oqhelekileyo kwikholoni yomntu, uyabandakanyeka kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "sisifo sohudo", kunye ne-neonatal meningitis, sepsis kunye nosulelo lomchamo.
- Salmonella typhi. Iibhaktheriya ezijongene nesifo esaziwa ngokuba yi-typhoid fever, zihlala zihanjiswa yindlela yomlomo: ukungcola kwamanzi, ukulahlwa kakubi kwe-excreta okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kwezempilo.
- ISalmonella enteritidis. Ihlala ibangela i-enterocoitis kunye ne-septicemia enamathumba ukuba iyadlula ivela emathunjini iye egazini.
- Haemophilus influenzae. Ngokwesiqhelo i-aerobic bacillus, inoxanduva lwe-meningitis, i-otitis, i-sinusitis, i-bronchopneumonia, i-cellulitis kunye ne-septic arthritis.
- IBordetella pertussis. Unobangela wesi sifo esaziwa ngokuba sisikhohlela, kunye nokufa okuphezulu kweentsana.
- UBrucella abortus. Kubangela i-brucellosis, isifo seenkomo esosulela umntu ngokudibana nezilwanyana okanye ngokungenisa iimveliso zobisi ezingasetyenziswanga.
- UFrancisella tularensis. Unoxanduva lwento ebizwa ngokuba yi "fever fever" okanye i-tularemia, idluliselwa emntwini ngabathwali (iimites okanye ezinye iintlobo ze-exoparasites) zemivundla, amaxhama kunye nezilwanyana ezifanayo.
- IPasteurella multocida. I-bacerus ye-Anaerobic, edluliselwa ngokulunywa kwezilwanyana ezinesifo, njengeekati kunye nezinja. Isasazeka ngesikhumba kwaye ichaphazele inkqubo yokuphefumla, ikwabangela i-cellulite.
