Izinto zemichiza

Umxholo

• Itheyibhile yamaxesha ezinto
• Iimpawu kunye nedatha
• Imizekelo yezinto zamachiza

Inkqubo ye-izinto zemichiza Zizinto ezingenakuncitshiswa okanye ziboleke zibe zezinye izinto ezilula. Ngesi sizathu, kunokuthiwa into iyonke umba yenziwe ngu iiathom zodidi olunye nolwahlukileyo.

Inkcazo yokuqala into yemichiza Kwaziswa nguLavoisier kwifayile ye- Umxholo Élémentaire de ChimieNgo-1789. Emva phayaa ngenkulungwane ye-18, iLavoisier yahlulahlula izinto ezilula zaba ngamaqela amane:

1. Izinto zemizimba;
2. Izinto ezinganyibilikiyo ezinesinyithi kunye nezinto ezinokuphambana;
3. Izinto ezinesinyithi ezinokuchaphazeleka kwaye zinokuchaphazeleka, kunye ...
4. Izinto ezinokulungiswa emhlabeni.

Itheyibhile yamaxesha ezinto

Namhlanje Izinto zeekhemikhali eziyi-119 ziyaziwa, Ahlulelwe ngokwamaqela ali-18 kunye namaxesha asixhenxe. Zonke ezi zinto zihlanganisiwe kwisikimu esibonisa njengePeriodic Table of the Elements, esasenziwe kuqala ngusokhemisi waseRussia uDimitri Mendeleyev 1869.

Inkqubo ye- amaqela aphambili ezinokufumaneka kule tafile zizinyithi zealkali, iinyithi zomhlaba zealkali, iinyithi zenguqu (elilelona qela likhulu), isinyithi sasemva kokutshintsha, isinyithi, akukho sinyithi (izinto ezisisiseko zobomi zibekwe apha, ezinje ngeoksijini kunye nenitrogen), Iigesi ezintle, kwaye okokugqibela, kukho amaqela amabini ezinto, i-lanthanides kunye ne-actinides, ngamanye amaxesha ekubhekiswa kuyo njengemhlaba onqabileyo (nangona ezinye zininzi kakhulu).

Uninzi lwezi zinto zineesotopi ezinemitha yeathom. Izinto zeekhemikhali zineempawu ezinje ngenqaku le- ukubilisa kwaye leyo ukudibanisaUbungakanani bokubaluleka kwamandla, mninzi kunye ne-ionic radius, phakathi kwabanye. Ezi mpawu zibalulekile kuba zivumela ukuqikelela ukusebenza kwayo, ukwenziwa kwakhona, njl.

Iimpawu kunye nedatha

Into nganye yemichiza ibonakala ibonakaliswa ngamacandelo aliqela. Okokuqala, yayo isimboli yendalo iphela, Ineleta enye okanye ezimbini (ngendibano, ukuba kukho oonobumba ababini, eyokuqala ibhalwe ngoonobumba abakhulu ize elandelayo ibhalwe ngoonobumba abancinci).

Ngasentla nangasekhohlo kubonakala kwifayile encinci suinombolo yeatom, yeyiphi ebonisa isixa seeproton esinazo esi sakhi. Emva koko igama elipheleleyo lezinto nangaphantsi koku linani elibonisa Ubunzima beatom kwiigrama kwimole nganye.

Izinto ezahlukeneyo zinemilinganiselo yeatom eyahlukileyo, kwaye njengoko inani leeproton kwi-nucleus inyuka, kokukhona kunomtsalane omkhulu kwii-elektroni, ke ivolumu iye ithande ukwehla. Xa umthamo weatomiki umncinci, ii-elektroni ezikumgangatho ongaphandle welifu zinomdla kakhulu kwi-nucleus, ngenxa yoko azincami ngokulula. Ukuchasana kwenzeka ngezinto ezinemithamo ephezulu yeathom: bayazishiya ii-electron zazo zangaphandle ngokulula.

Imizekelo yezinto zamachiza

Ingakukhonza:

• Imizekelo yeeKhemikhali
• Imizekelo yokuSabela kweMichiza
• Imizekelo yeZinto zeMichiza
• Imizekelo yeZinyithi kunye neeNzululwazi ezingezizo ezesinyithi