Iigesi eziyityhefu

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yeegesi eziyityhefu

Inkqubo ye-iigesi eziyityhefu Zizinto ezinqabileyo, ezinobungqongqo, zokunxibelelana okubuthathaka kweemolekyuli kunye nokwanda okuphezulu komzimba, okunxibelelana nomzimba womntu kuyacaphukisa, kuyingozi okanye kuyabulala. Zininzi imveliso ye iimpendulo zamachiza okokuqala, ngokuzithandela okanye akunjalo, kwaye zihlala zinokutsha, ioksijini okanye Intsholongwane, ke ukuphathwa kwayo kufuna inkathalo ekhethekileyo.

Ngokwempembelelo yazo emzimbeni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo, zinokuhlelwa njenge: Ukufuthaniselwa, ukucaphukisa, ukuxubana, ikhaya, indalo kunye nemfazwe.

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeZinto ezonakalisayo

Imizekelo yeegesi eziyityhefu

1. Ikhabhon monoksayidi (CO). Enye yeendlela ezinobungozi kakhulu igcwala ikhabhoni, yirhasi engenambala engenakho ukubangela ukusweleka xa iphefumla ngomthamo omkhulu. Yirhasi eqhelekileyo kwilizwe lezemveliso: sisiphumo seenjini zokutsha kunye nokutsha kwe hydrocarbon kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
2. Isalfure dioksayidi (SO₂). Irhasi ecaphukisayo, engenambala, enevumba elithile kwaye enyibilikayo emanzini, esiba yiasidi: le yindlela esabela ngayo kwindawo ye- Iimoya ezingcolileyo kwaye ivelisa imvula eneasidi. Ihlala ikhutshwa njengemveliso yokutsha komzi mveliso, ngaphandle kwento yokuba xa inxibelelana nenkqubo yokuphefumla ibangela ukucaphuka okukhulu kunye ne-bronchitis.
3. Irhasi yemastadi. Usapho lweekhemikhali ezicaphukisa kakhulu ezisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zemfazwe (okokuqala kwi1915, kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala). Inokunyangwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: i-nitrogen mustard okanye i-musturf mustard. Ukudibana nazo kubangela amadyunguza kunye nezilonda kulusu okanye inwebu yangaphakathi kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ekuxineni.
4. Ukutshiza ipepper. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yirhasi yinyembezi, iyakwazi ukuvelisa ukucaphuka okumodareyitha kunye nobuhlungu be-mucosa ye-ocular kunye nokuphefumla, kunye nokungaboni okwethutyana. Isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela okanye ekusasazeni imiboniso.
5. Lewisite. Imichiza eyityhefu eyenziweyo yaphuhliswa lishishini lemfazwe laseMelika ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala neyesiBini yeHlabathi. Xa uphefumlelwe, kubangela ukutsha okubuhlungu, ukukhohlela, ukugabha, impumlo ebusayo kunye nokudumba kwemiphunga.
6. Ozone. Le gesi ifunyanwa kwindalo, iyasikhusela kwimitha yelanga. Inqabile imeko yemihla ngemihla. Ukubonakaliswa kwi-ozone kuvelisa ukucaphuka kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kunye neempendulo ze-bronchial. Kwiindawo eziphezulu kunokubangela i-cyanosis, ukudinwa kakhulu kunye nokusilela kwezintso.
7. Imethane (CH₄). Eyona alkane hydrocarbon ilula ekhoyo inegesi enokutsha kwaye inefuthe lokungafuneki, engenabala, engenavumba, engenakunyibilika emanzini. Kwiindawo eziphezulu zinokuxinana ngokususa ioksijini kwindalo esingqongileyo.
8. IButane (C₄H₁₀). Enye i-hydrocarbon evuthayo nenokutsha, edla ngokuphathwa apha ekhaya nangokongezwa kweempawu ezinuka kamnandi, ukuze kubonwe ukuvuza kwayo, kuba ayinamphunga. Isenokuba nokuxinana. Ivelisa ukozela, ukubona izinto ezingekhoyo kunye nokulahleka kwengqondo xa uphefumla.
9. Umphunga womlilo. Yaziwa njengeegesi ezixubekileyo, njengoko ziqulathe indibaniselwano yeerhasi ezikruqulayo nezixineneyo, kuxhomekeke kubume bezinto ezisetyenziswe emlilweni. Ngoyena nobangela uphambili wokusweleka kwimililo, ngenxa yemiphumela ebanzi emzimbeni: ukufuthaniseka, ukucaphuka okukhulu, necrosis, cyanosis, njl.
10. ICyanide(CN-). Yenye yezona zinto zinetyhefu eyaziwayo kunye nezona ziphumo zibulalayo kwangoko. Kwimo yayo yegesi, inevumba elithile (elifana ne-chestnuts), eline-margin yalo yokufumanisa isondele kakhulu ekubulaleni. Iziphumo zayo zangoko zithintela ukuphefumla kwamaselula, kwaye zihlala zikhokelela ekubanjweni kwentliziyo.
11. I-diatomic chlorine (Cl₂). Yaziwa njenge dichloro, yirhasi etyheli-luhlaza, inevumba elomeleleyo nelingathandekiyo kunye nobutyhefu obuphezulu kakhulu. Yayisetyenziswa njengesixhobo semfazwe kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, ngenxa yefuthe layo le-pneumotoxic kwizinga eliphakathi. Isetyenziswa kwimveliso yeekhemikhali kunye nezixhobo, kunye nakwizinyibilikisi ezithile zekhaya.
12. Nitrogen oxidesMna(N₂OKANYE). Ikwabizwa ngokuba yigesi ehlekayo, ayinambala, inuka kamnandi, kwaye inetyhefu encinci. Ayinako ukutsha okanye inokudubula, kwaye ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza amayeza kunye neenjongo zokubulala iintlungu.
13. IPhosphogen (COCl₂). Irhasi enetyhefu, esetyenziswa njengesibulali zinambuzane kunye negalelo kwishishini leplastikhi, ayinakubalabala okanye ithathe uhlobo lwelifu elimhlophe okanye limthubi. Ayifumaneki ngokwendalo naphi na, ayinakho ukutsha, kwaye inevumba elibi. Iyacaphukisa kakhulu kwaye iyancwina.
14. IAmmonia (NH₃). Ikwabizwa ngokuba yigesi yeammonium, ayinambala kwaye inevumba elibi kakhulu kunye neempawu ezithile. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini ohlukeneyo oluntu, ngaphandle kokuba iyingozi kwaye ingcolisa umoya. Umzimba womntu uyakwazi ukuwucwangcisa nge-Urea Cycle kwaye uwukhuphe kumchamo, kodwa ekuphenduleni kunye nezinye iikhompawundi inetyhefu kwaye inokutsha.
15. Helium (H). Irhasi yeMonatomic ebonisa uninzi lwee iipropathi zegesi ezintleAyinambala kwaye ayinasiphunga, ininzi kakhulu kuba ukusabela kwe-stellar kuyivelisa kwi-hydrogen. Xa iphefumlelwe, iguqula isantya sokusasazeka kwesandi, esikhokelela kwizwi eliphakamileyo nelikhawulezayo, kodwa uxinzelelo oluninzi lunokuthatha indawo yeoksijini kwaye lubangele ukufuthaniseka. Ayiyityhefu nganye.
16. IArgon (Ar). Enye yeegesi ezintle, ezingenambala kunye ne-inert, ezingasebenziyo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kobushushu, kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumzi mveliso wombane. I-asphyxiant elula, enobutyhefu bayo obuxhomekeke ekunciphiseni ioksijini kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngenxa yoko ifuna ukugxila okuphezulu kuyo.
17. I-Formaldehyde (CH₂OKANYE). Irhasi engenambala kunye nevumba elirhabaxa, apho kwenziwa khona i-formaldehyde, ukugcina iisampulu zebhayiloji. Yaziwa ngokuba yi-carcinogen kwaye iyacaphukisa inkqubo yokuphefumla.
18. Ifluorine (F). Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye iyasebenza kuzo zonke izinto, yirhasi etyheli emthubi kunye nevumba elibi, elinamandla okubopha i-zinc kunye ne-iodine eyenza ibe yityhefu kakhulu, ekwaziyo ukuphazamisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweenkqubo zokufunda, inkumbulo, iihomoni kunye neethambo kunye namandla omzimba womntu.
19. Acrolein(C₃H₄OKANYE). Nangona ulwelo kwimeko yalo yendalo, luyatsha lula kwaye lumphunga ngokukhawuleza xa lushushu, luvelisa igesi ecaphukisa inkqubo yokuphefumla, iziphumo eziyityhefu ezingakhange zifundwe kakuhle, kodwa zalatha kumonakalo ophakathi wemiphunga.
20. Ikharbhon diokside (CO₂). Iziphumo zendalo zokuphefumla kunye nokuninzi iinkqubo zokutsha, iyakwazi ukufuthaniseleka ngokufuduswa kweemolekyuli zeoksijini, inzima ngaphezu komoya kwaye incinci kakhulu inokutsha. Ayinavumba kwaye ayinambala.

Ingakukhonza: Imizekelo yongcoliseko lomoya