Amandla ombane

Umxholo

• Iindidi zezityalo zombane
• Izinto eziluncedo zamandla ombane
• Ukungancedi kwamandla ombane
• Imizekelo yombane wamanzi
• Ezinye iintlobo zamandla

Inkqubo ye- amandla ombane yinto eveliswa sisenzo sokuhamba kwamanzi, ngesiqhelo ekuweni (Ukutsiba kwe geodeic) kunye namathambeka okanye amadama akhethekileyo, apho kufakelwa khona izityalo zamandla ukuze zisebenzise i amandla oomatshini Izinto ezihamba ngolwelo ezihamba kunye nokwenza ukuba kusebenze oomatshini bomoya ovelisa umbane.

Le ndlela yokusebenzisa amanzi ibonelela ngesihlanu samandla ombane kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye asiyonto intsha ncam kwimbali yoluntu: amaGrike amandulo, elandela umgaqo ofanayo nongqo, ingqolowa egutyiweyo ukwenza umgubo usebenzisa amandla amanzi okanye umoya ngothotho lwezigayo. Nangona kunjalo, isityalo sokuqala sombane sakhiwa ngo-1879 e-United States.

Olu hlobo lwesityalo esinamandla luyathandwa kwiijografi ezinamagingxi-gingxi amanzi awo ngenxa yokunyibilika encotsheni yeentaba okanye ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yomlambo omkhulu ohlanganisa amandla amaninzi. Ngamanye amaxesha kuye kufuneke ukuba kwakhiwe idama ukulawula ukukhutshwa kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi kwaye ngenxa yoko kwenziwe amalungiselelo okucoca ukuwa kobukhulu obunqwenelekayo.

Inkqubo ye- amandla olu hlobo lwesityalo isenokusuka kwizityalo ezikhulu nezinamandla ezivelisa amashumi amawaka ee-megawatts, ukuya kwizityalo ekuthiwa zii-mini-hydro ezenza nje iimegawatts ezimbalwa.

Olunye ulwazi kwi: Imizekelo yeHydraulic Power

Iindidi zezityalo zombane

Ngokwengqikelelo yayo yoyilo, ihlala yahlula phakathi izityalo ezivulekileyo zombane, ezinje ngezo zifakwe emazantsi engxangxasi okanye edamini, kwaye izityalo zamandla ombane ngamanzi emqolombeni, ezo zikude nomthombo wamanzi kodwa ziqhagamshelwe kuwo ngemibhobho yoxinzelelo kunye nezinye iintlobo zamatonela.

Ezi zityalo zinokuhlelwa ngokokuhamba kwamanzi kwimeko nganye, ezizezi:

• Izityalo zamanzi ezihambayo. Zisebenza ngokuqhubekekayo, zisebenzisa amanzi omlambo okanye awe, njengoko engenawo amandla okugcina amanzi njengakwimithombo yamanzi.
• Izityalo zokugcina amanzi. Ayawagcina amanzi ngokwedama kwaye avumele ukuba ahambahamba koomatshini bomoya, ukugcina ukuhamba rhoqo nokulawula. Zibiza kakhulu kunamanzi abalekayo.
• Amaziko anolawulo. Ifakwe kwimilambo, kodwa ngomthamo wokugcina amanzi.
• Izikhululo zokumpompa. Badibanisa ukuveliswa kombane ngokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokukwazi ukuthumela ulwelo kwakhona, ukuqhubela phambili umjikelo kunye nokusebenza njengeebhetri ezinkulu.

Izinto eziluncedo zamandla ombane

Amandla ombane we-Hydroelectric ayesaziwa kakhulu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, ngenxa yeempawu zakhe ezingathandabuzekiyo, ezi:

• Ukucoca. Xa kuthelekiswa ne- Ukutshiswa kwezibaso, ngamandla angcolisayo aphantsi.
• Ukhuseleko. Xa kuthelekiswa neentlekele ezinokubakho zamandla enyukliya okanye ezinye iindlela eziyingozi zokuveliswa kombane, iingozi zawo zinokulawulwa.
• Ukuqhubeka. Ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi omlambo kunye nokuwa okukhulu kuhlala kuhlala kufanelekile unyaka wonke, kuqinisekisa ukusebenza rhoqo kwesityalo esivelisa.
• Uqoqosho. Ngokungadingi impahla engekasilwa, okanye iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, yimodeli engabizi kwaye elula yokuvelisa umbane, ethoba iindleko zemveliso yamandla iphela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetyathanga.
• Ukuzimela. Njengoko ingadingi zinto zivelisiweyo okanye igalelo (ngaphaya kwezinto ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ekugqibeleni), iyimodeli ezimeleyo ekuguqukeni kweemarike nakwizivumelwano zamanye amazwe okanye amalungiselelo ezopolitiko.

Ukungancedi kwamandla ombane

• Iziganeko zalapha. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye nemisele, kunye nokufakwa kweinjini zomoya kunye nejenereyitha kunefuthe kwindlela yemilambo ehlala ichaphazela imilambo. Iinkqubo zendalo.
• Umngcipheko wokugqibela. Nangona kunqabile kwaye kunokuphetshwa ngenkqubo yolondolozo elungileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ikhefu kwidayi linokubangela ukukhutshwa okungalawulwayo komthamo wamanzi amakhulu kunokuba ulawuleka kwaye izikhukula neentlekele yendawo.
• Impembelelo yomhlaba. Uninzi lwala maziko alutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ubume bendalo kwaye anefuthe kubume bengingqi, nangona zinokuba ziindawo ekubhekiswa kuzo kubakhenkethi.
• Ukonakala kweebhedi. Ungenelelo oluqhubekayo lokuhamba kwamanzi lutshabalalisa iibhedi zemilambo kwaye luguqule uhlobo lwamanzi, luthathe intlenge. Konke oku kunempembelelo yomlambo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele.
• Imbalela enokwenzeka. Kwimeko yembalela enkulu, ezi modeli zenzalo zibona imveliso yazo isikelwe umda, kuba umthamo wamanzi ungaphantsi kokufanelekileyo. Oku kunokuthetha ukucutha amandla okanye ukunyuka kwenqanaba, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bembalela.

Imizekelo yombane wamanzi

1. Iingxangxasi zeNiagara. Isikhululo samandla ombane Isixhobo soMbane sikaRobert Moses Niagara Ifumaneka e-United States, yayisisityalo sokuqala sombane sokwakha umbane, sisebenzisa amandla e-Niagara Falls enkulu e-Appleton, eWisconsin.
2. Idama lokuhambisa umbane ngeKrasnoyarsk. Idama lekhonkrithi eliphakamileyo elikwi-124 m elikuMlambo iYenisei eDivnogorsk, eRashiya, elakhiwe phakathi kowe-1956 nowe-1972 kwaye labonelela malunga nama-6000 MW wamandla kubantu baseRussia. Idama laseKrasnoyarkoye lenzelwa ukusebenza.
3. Idama laseSalime. Le ndawo yokugcina iSpanish ebekwe e-Asturias, kumlambo i-Navia, yasungulwa ngo-1955 kwaye yabonelela abantu nge-350 GWh ngonyaka. Ukuyakha, umjelo womlambo kwafuneka utshintshwe unaphakade kwaye phantse iifama ezingama-2 000 zakhukula kwiihektare ezingama-685 zomhlaba olimekayo, kunye neefama zasezidolophini, iibhulorho, amangcwaba, izindlu zenkonzo kunye neecawe.
4. Isityalo seGuavio hydroelectric. Isityalo sesibini ngobukhulu esisebenza kummandla waseColombia, siseCundinamarca, kwi-120km ukusuka eBogotá kwaye ivelisa malunga ne-1,213 MW yombane. Iqale ukusebenza ngo-1992, ngaphandle kweeyunithi ezintathu ezongeziweyo ezingekafakwa ngenxa yezemali. Ukuba iyenzeka, ukusebenza kweli dama kunganyuka kuye kwi-1,900 MW, eyona iphezulu kwilizwe liphela.
5. Isityalo se-Simon Bolívar se-hydroelectric. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiPresa del Guri, ikwindawo yaseBolívar, eVenezuela, emlonyeni woMlambo iCaroni kuMlambo odumileyo waseOrinoco. Inendawo yokugcina eyenziweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Embalse del Guri, ethi inikwe umbane kwinxalenye enkulu yeli lizwe de ithengiselwe nakwiidolophu ezikumda osemantla eBrazil. Yavulwa ngokupheleleyo ngo-1986 kwaye sesesine indawo yokuvelisa umbane ophehlwa ngamanzi, inikezela nge-10,235 MW yomthamo ofakiweyo weeyunithi ezili-10 ezahlukeneyo.
6. Idama leXilodu. Ifumaneka kuMlambo iJinsha kumazantsi e-China, inamandla afakelwe umbane we-13,860 MW, ukongeza ekuvumela ukulawulwa kokuhamba kwamanzi ukulungiselela ukuhamba nokuthintela izikhukula. Sisisikhululo samandla ombane sombane esikhulu sesithathu emhlabeni okwangoku kunye nedama lesine ubude emhlabeni.
7. Idama ezintathu zeGorges. Ikwakhona e-China, kuMlambo i-Yangtze embindini wommandla wayo, sesona sityalo sikhulu samandla ombane emhlabeni, esinamandla e-24,000 MW. Yagqitywa ngo-2012, emva kwezikhukula ezili-19 kunye needolophu ezingama-22 (630 km² umphezulu), apho phantse abantu abazizigidi ezi-2 kuye kwafuneka ukuba bakhutshwe kwaye bafuduswe. Ngobude bayo beemitha ezingama-2309 kunye nedama eliphezulu le-185, esi sityalo sodwa sibonelela nge-3% yamandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa kweli lizwe.
8. Idama leYacyretá-Apipé. Eli dama lommandla odibeneyo weArgentina-Paraguayan zone kuMlambo iParaná, unikezela phantse i-22% yemfuno yamandla eArgentina nge-3,100 MW yamandla. Yayiyinto yokwakha enempikiswano enkulu, njengoko yayifuna ukukhukula kweendawo ezizodwa zommandla kunye nokupheliswa kweentlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo.
9. IProjekthi yePalomino Hydroelectric. Le projekthi isakhiwa kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican iza kubekwa kwimilambo iYaraque-Sur kunye neBlanco, apho idama elinendawo epheleleyo yeehektare ezingama-22 liza kubakho kwaye eliya kwandisa ukuveliswa kwamandla kwelizwe nge-15%.
10. Idama leItaipu. Isityalo sesibini ngobukhulu kuphehlo lwe-hydroelectric emhlabeni, yiprojekthi ye-binational phakathi kweBrazil neParaguay ukusebenzisa umda wabo kuMlambo iParaná. Ubungakanani bedama buquka malunga ne-29,000 hm³ zamanzi kwindawo emalunga ne-14,000 km². Umthamo wayo wokuvelisa yi-14,000 MW kwaye yaqala ukuveliswa ngo-1984.

Ezinye iintlobo zamandla