Amatye kunye neeNonmetals

Umxholo

• Umahluko phakathi kwesinyithi kunye non-isinyithi
• Imizekelo yesinyithi
• Imizekelo yezinto ezingezizo zesinyithi

Yonke into eyaziwayo yenziwe iiathom, ukusuka kwi-112 izinto zemichiza ezenza i itheyibhile yamaxesha. Ezi zinto zihlelwe, ngokobunjani bazo kunye neepropathi, kwi izinyithi kunye nezingezizo izinyithi.

Kuphela zingama-25 kwezi-112 izinto zesinyithi, zihlala zivela izimbiwa kunye neempawu zombane kunye nokunxibelelana okufundwe kakuhle yi-inorganic chemistry. Kwelinye icala, ezinye izinto, ezingezizo ezesinyithi, ziyimfuneko ebomini kwaye zenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo.

Umahluko phakathi kwesinyithi kunye non-isinyithi

Izinyithi kunye nezingezizo izinyithi bahlukile kwiipropathi zabo ezisisiseko kunye neendidi zazo zokuphendula okunokwenzeka.

• Inkqubo ye- iintsimbi ngaphandle kwekhemikhali, eziqinileyo kubushushu begumbi. Ziyabengezela, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi i-ductile kwaye ibhetyebhetye, kwaye zilungile abaqhubi bombane kunye nobushushu. Xa unxibelelana neoksijini okanye iiasidi, ziyaxhuma kwaye zonakalise (ukulahleka kwee-elektroni) kuba iindawo zazo zangaphandle zineziganeko ezisezantsi zee-elektroni (3 okanye ngaphantsi).
• Inkqubo ye- akukho sinyithi, endaweni yoko, bahlala bekhona Abaqhubi ombane abahlwempuzekileyo kunye nobushushu, yeembonakalo ezahlukileyo kakhulu kwaye Ukunyibilika kwamanqaku ngokubanzi ngaphantsi kwezinyithi. Uninzi lukhona kuphela kwifomula ye-biatomic (yeemolekyuli), zinokuthamba njenge sulphur okanye ziqine njengedayimane, kwaye ziyafumaneka nakweziphi na iimeko ezintathu: zinomoya, zinamanzi kwaye ziqinile. Ngapha koko, inkangeleko yabo ayihlali ibonisa ukukhanya kwaye banokuba nemibala eyahlukeneyo.

Okokugqibela, izinto zentsimbi zihlala zimanyaniswa bubudlelwane be-electromagnetic (ii-ion ezihlawulisiweyo), ngelixa izinto ezingezizo ezesinyithi zakha izinto ezintsonkothileyo zemixokelelwane ngokudibana kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo (i-hydrogen, i-peptide, njl. Yiyo loo nto chemistry yemvelo okanye ubomi bobokugqibela, nangona imizimba ephilayo yenziwe ngokudityaniswa kwazo zombini iintlobo zezinto.

Imizekelo yesinyithi

1. Intsimbi (Fe). Ikwabizwa ngokuba intsimbiYenye yezona zinto zininzi zesinyithi kuqweqwe lomhlaba, olwenza kanye intliziyo yomhlaba, apho ikwimeko yolwelo. Eyona ndawo yayo ibalaseleyo, ngaphandle kobulukhuni kunye nokuqaqamba, ubukhulu bayo obukhulu be-ferromagnetic. Ngokuyidibanisa nekhabhoni kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane isinyithi.
2. Magnesium (Mg). Inxalenye yesithathu yomhlaba enobuninzi, kokubini kuqweqwe lwawo kwaye inyibilike kwiilwandle, ayizange yenzeke kwindalo imeko ecocekileyo, kodwa njenge-ion kwiityuwa. Ibalulekile ebomini, inokusetyenziselwa iialloys kwaye inokutsha ngokutsha.
3. Igolide (Au). Isinyithi eqaqambileyo, etyheli enqabileyo engaphenduliyo kuninzi izinto zemichiza ngaphandle kwe-cyanide, i-mercury, i-chlorine kunye ne-bleach. Ukutyhubela imbali idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yoqoqosho lwabantu, njengophawu lobutyebi kunye nenkxaso yezezimali.
4. Isilivere (Ag). Esinye isinyithi esixabisekileyo simhlophe, siqaqambile, sine-ductile kwaye sinokuthambeka, sifumaneka kwindalo njengenxalenye yezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo okanye njengezikhondo ezinyulu zento leyo, kuba iqhelekile kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngoyena mqhubi ubalaseleyo wobushushu kunye nombane owaziwayo.
5. IAluminiyam (Al). Ukukhanya kakhulu, okungekho-ferromagnetic metal, okwesithathu kuninzi kunomhlaba. Kuxabiseke kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso kunye nentsimbi kunye nentsimbi, kuba ngokusebenzisa ii-alloys kunokwenzeka ukuba kufumaneke ukwahluka ngakumbi kodwa kugcina ukusebenza kwazo. Unezantsi mninzi nokumelana elungileyo kakhulu umhlwa.
6. Umnxeba (Ni). Isinyithi esimhlophe kakhulu ductile kwaye ibhetyebhetye kakhulu, umbane olungileyo wombane kunye nobushushu, kunye neferromagnetic. Ngenye yesinyithi esinyeneyo, kunye ne-iridium, i-osmium kunye nentsimbi. Ibalulekile ebomini, njengenxalenye yabaninzi ii-enzymes kwaye protein.
7. IZinki (Zn). Yintsimbi yenguqu efana ne-cadmium kunye ne-magnesium, ehlala isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuqinisa, oko kukuthi, ukutyabeka okukhusela ezinye izinyithi. Kuyinto ukumelana kakhulu deformation zeplastiki ebandayo, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba asebenze ngaphezu kwe-100 ° C.
8. INkokeli (Pb). Into ekuphela kwayo enako ukumisa i-radioactivity kukukhokelela. Yinto ethile ebaluleke kakhulu, inikwe ubungqongqo bayo obukhethekileyo beemolekyuli, ukunyibilika kokunyibilika kunye nokuchasana nokuqina kwi-asidi eyomeleleyo njenge-sulfuric okanye i-hydrochloric.
9. Itoti (Sn). Inzima kwaye kulula igcwala, Isetyenziswe kwii-alloys ezininzi ukubonelela ngokuchasene nokubola. Xa igobile, ivelisa isandi esahluke mpela nesibizwa ngokuba yi "tin cry."
10. Isodium (Na). Isodiyam sisinyithi esine-alkali esithambileyo, esifumaneka kwityuwa yolwandle nakwi-halite yezimbiwa. Isebenza kakhulu, ine-oxidizable, kwaye inempendulo enobundlobongela xa ixutywe namanzi. Lelinye lamacandelo abalulekileyo ezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo.

Imizekelo yezinto ezingezizo zesinyithi

1. IHydrogen (H). Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo nenentabalala kwindalo iphela, yirhasi efumaneka kumoya osemoyeni (njengemolekyuli ye-diatomic H₂) njengenxalenye yesininzi se iikhompawundi eziphilayo, kunye nokutsha ngokuhlangana entliziyweni yeenkwenkwezi. Ikwayinto elula kakhulu, engenavumba, engenambala kwaye engenakunyibilika emanzini.
2. Ioksijini (O). Ibalulekile ebomini kwaye isetyenziswa zizilwanyana kwiinkqubo zazo zokufumana amandla (ukuphefumla), le gesi (O₂Ifom esebenzayo kakhulu oxides phantse nazo zonke izinto zetheyibhile yamaxesha ngaphandle kweegesi ezintle. Yenza phantse isiqingatha sobunzima bomhlaba kwaye ibalulekile ekuveleni kwamanzi (H₂OKANYE).
3. Ikhabhoni (C). Eyona nto iphambili kuyo yonke i-organic chemistry, eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo kunye nenxalenye yezigidi ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-16 eziyifunayo. Ifumaneka kwindalo ngeendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: ikhabhon, igrafite, kunye nedayimani, ezinenani elifanayo leeathom, kodwa zilungelelaniswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kunye neoksijini yenza icarbon dioxide (CO₂) ibalulekile kwifotosinthesisi.
4. Isalfure (ii). Into ethambileyo, eyintabalala kunye nevumba elibonisa ukwenzeka kwayo, kuqhelekile ukuba zenziwe phantse zizonke izinto eziphilayo, kwaye zininzi kwimixholo yentaba-mlilo. Iphuzi kwaye ingenakunyibilika emanzini, ibalulekile kubomi bendalo kwaye iluncedo kakhulu kwiinkqubo zeshishini.
5. IPhosphorus (P). Ngaphandle kokungabikho kwimeko yemveli kwindalo, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeekhompawundi ezininzi zendalo kunye izinto eziphilayonjengeDNA kunye neRNA, okanye iATP. Iyasebenza kwaye xa unxibelelana neoksijini ikhupha ukukhanya.
6. I-nitrojeni (N). Ngokwesiqhelo i-diatomic gas (N₂eyi-78% yomoya esemoyeni kwaye ikhoyo kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo ezifana neammonia (NH₃).
7. Helium (yena). Into yesibini eqhelekileyo kwindalo iphela, ngakumbi njengemveliso ye-stellar fusion ye-hydrogen, apho kuvela khona izinto ezinzima. Imalunga ne- Irhasi entleOko kukuthi, phantse ukuphinda kwenzeke kwakhona, okungenambala, okungenamphunga kunye nokukhanya kakhulu, kuhlala kusetyenziswa njenge zokwambathisa okanye njengefriji, ikwimo engamanzi.
8. Ikhlorini (Cl). I-klorine ekwimo yayo esulungekileyo yirhasi etyhefu kakhulu enetyhefu (Cl) nevumba elibi. Nangona kunjalo, ininzi kwindalo kwaye iyinxalenye yezinto ezininzi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, uninzi lwazo lubalulekile ebomini. Kunye nehydrogen, yenza ihydrochloric acid (HCl), enye yezona zinamandla ezikhoyo.
9. Iodine (mna). Into yeqela le halogen, ayisebenzi kakhulu kwaye ine-electronegative, ngaphandle kokuba isetyenziswa kwezonyango, kubugcisa bokufota kunye nanjengombala. Ngaphandle kokungabi sisinyithi, ineempawu zentsimbi enomdla kwaye iyasebenza kwimercury nakwisalfure.
10. ISelenium (Se). Ayingenakunyibilika emanzini nasetywaleni, kodwa inyibilika kwi-ether kunye ne-carbon disulfide, le nto inezinto ze-photoelectric (iguqula ukukhanya ibe ngumbane) kwaye iyinxalenye eyimfuneko yokwenziwa kweglasi. Isisondlo kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi, kubalulekile kwii-amino acid ezininzi kwaye zikhona kukutya okuninzi.