20 Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziSebenzayo - I-Encyclopedia

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Iindidi zeeNkqubo zokusebenza
Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziSebenzayo
Banokukukhonza

AInkqubo yokuSebenza (OS) yinkqubo okanye iseti yeenkqubo zekhompyuter, ezilawula izixhobo ezibonakalayo (izixhobo zekhompyutha), iinkqubo zokuphumeza wonke umxholo (isoftware), kunye nonxibelelwano lomsebenzisi.

Iinkqubo zokusebenza (ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa umphakathi okanye iinkozo) zenziwa ngendlela enelungelo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye isoftware, lilitye lembombo lokusebenza kweqelaIprotocol yayo esisiseko yokusebenza evumela ukwenziwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ngumsebenzisi.

Ezi nkqubo zifumaneka kuninzi lwezixhobo ze-elektroniki esizisebenzisa mihla le, nokuba kungokuboniswa komzobo womsebenzisi, indawo ye desktop, abaphathi befestile okanye imigca yomyalelo, kuxhomekeke kubunjani besixhobo.

Ingakukhonza:

Imizekelo yeHardware
Imizekelo yesoftware
Imizekelo yezixhobo zokufaka
Imizekelo yezixhobo zeZiphumo
Imizekelo yeePheripherals (kunye nomsebenzi wazo)

Iindidi zeeNkqubo zokusebenza

Iinkqubo zokusebenza zinokuhlelwa ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo:

Ngokusekwe kwiindlela zokulawula umsebenzi. Kukho iiNkqubo zokuSebenza ezinomsebenzi omnye, ezivumela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo enye ngexesha (ngaphandle kweenkqubo ze-OS uqobo), kude kube kuphela okanye kupheliswe; kunye nezo multitaskers ezilawula izixhobo zeCPU ukuvumela imeko ethile yokufana.
Ngokweendlela zokulawula umsebenzisi. Ngokufanayo, kukho i-OS yomsebenzisi omnye, ethintela ukwenziwa kweenkqubo zomsebenzisi omnye, kunye nabasebenzisi abaninzi abavumela ukwenziwa ngaxeshanye kweenkqubo zabasebenzisi abohlukeneyo.
Ngokolawulo lwakho lwezixhobo. Kukho ii-OSs esembindini, ezithintela indawo yazo yempembelelo kwikhompyuter enye okanye kwinkqubo; kunye nezinye zisasazwa, ezivumela ukuphatha amaqela amaninzi ngaxeshanye.

Imizekelo yeeNkqubo eziSebenzayo

MS yeWindows. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo eyona idume kakhulu nge-OS, nangona iseti yayo ulwabiwo (indawo yokusebenza) eyakhelwe ukubonelela ngeeNkqubo zokuSebenza ezindala (ezinje nge-MS-DOS) ngenkxaso yemizobo kunye neseti yezixhobo zesoftware. Inguqulelo yayo yokuqala yavela ngo-1985 Kwaye ukusukela ngoko ayikayeki ukuzihlaziya ngokwazo kwiinguqulelo ezinamandla ngakumbi nezahlukeneyo, njengoko iMicrosoft, inkampani yayo engunina, iphumelela kwintengiso yetekhnoloji yedijithali.

I-GNU / Linux. Eli gama libhekisa kusetyenziso oludibeneyo lwe inkozo simahla kusapho lwe-Unix ebizwa ngokuba yi "Linux", kunye nokusasazwa kwe-GNU, nayo yasimahla. Isiphumo yenye yezona zinto ziphambili kuphuhliso lwesoftware yasimahla, enekhowudi yemithombo yayo ingasetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo, iguqulwe kwaye yabiwa kwakhona.

UNIX. Le nkqubo iphathekayo, eyenza imisebenzi emininzi, yokusebenza kwabasebenzisi abaninzi yaphuhliswa kwangoko ngo-1969, kwaye ngokuhamba kweminyaka amalungelo ayo ilungelo lokushicilela bedlulile ukusuka kwenye inkampani ukuya kwenye. Ngokwenyani lusapho lwe-OS efanayo, uninzi lwazo luye lwentengiso kwaye ezinye ziyifomathi yasimahla, zonke zivela kwi-Linux kernel.

UFedora. Ngokusisiseko ukuhanjiswa kwe-Linux ngokubanzi, okuvele emva kokupheliswa kwe I-Red Hat Linux, Anxulumana ngokusondeleyo nayo kodwa yavela njengeprojekthi yoluntu. Elinye igama elibalulekileyo xa uthetha ngalo isoftware yasimahla kunye nomthombo ovulekileyo, kwiinguqulelo zayo ezintathu eziphambili: Indawo yokusebenzela, ilifu kunye neServer.

Ubuntu. Ngokusekwe kwi-GNU / Linux, le nkqubo yasimahla nevulekileyo yokuSebenza ithatha igama layo kwifilosofi yaseMzantsi Afrika egxile ekunyanisekeni komntu kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngale ndlela, Ubuntu bujolise kubumnandi nakwinkululeko yokusebenzisa, nangona iCanonical, inkampani yase-Bhritane enamalungelo ayo, ixhasa isiseko seenkonzo zobuchwephesha ezinxulumene nenkqubo.

IMacOS. Inkqubo yokusebenza kweMachintosh, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-OSX okanye iMac OS X, enendawo yayo isekwe kwi-Unix kwaye iphuhlisiwe yaza yathengiswa njengenxalenye yeekhompyuter ezinophawu lwe-Apple ukusukela ngo-2002. Inxalenye yale ntsapho yesoftware yakhutshwa yi-Apple evulekileyo kwaye Umthombo wasimahla weNkqubo yokuSebenza ebizwa ngokuba yiDarwin, abathi kamva bongeza izinto ezinje ngeAqua kunye neFumana, ukufumana ujongano olusekwe kwiMac OS X, inguqulelo yayo yakutshanje.

Solaris. Enye iNkqubo yokuSebenza efana ne-Unix, eyenziwe ngo-1992 zii-Sun Microsystems kwaye isetyenzisiwe namhlanje kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo ye-SPARC (Inkqubo yoyilo lweProsesa) kunye ne-x86, eqhelekileyo kwiiseva nakwiindawo zokusebenzela. Inguqulelo eqinisekisiweyo esemthethweni ye-Unix ekhutshwe inguqulelo ebizwa ngokuba yi-OpenSolaris.

Haiku. Inkqubo yokusebenza evulekileyo egxile kwimicimbi yobuqu yekhompyuter kunye nemultimedia, ephefumlelwe yi-BeOS (Be Operating System), ehambelana nayo. Ubungakanani bayo obukhulu buxhomekeke kumandla okuvelisa ulwabiwo lomsebenzisi ngamnye. Ngoku iphantsi kophuhliso.

I-BeOS. Iphuhliswe kwi-1990 yi-Be Incorporate, yinkqubo yokusebenza ye-PC ejolise ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwemultimedia. Kuthiwe ukuba ibisekwe kwi-Unix, ngenxa yokubandakanywa komda we-Bash command interface, kodwa ayisiyiyo: Ii-BeOs zinemodyuli yentsusa eyimodyuli, eyenzelwe kakhulu ukuphatha iaudiyo, ividiyo kunye nemizobo yoopopayi. Kwakhona, ngokungafaniyo neUnix, ngumsebenzisi omnye.

I-MS-DOS. Izichazi ze Inkqubo yokuSebenza kweDiski yeMicroSoft (IMicrosoftSoft Disk Operating System), yenye yeendlela ezaziwayo zokuSebenza zeekhompyuter zobuqu ze-IBM kwii-1980s ukuya phakathi ku-1990s.Isebenza ngokusekwe kuthotho lwemiyalelo yangaphakathi nangaphandle, kunxibelelwano lwemonochrome yemigca. umgca.

Cwangcisa i9 kwiBell Labs. Okanye ngokulula "Cwangcisa i-9", ithatha igama layo kuthotho oludumileyo lwe-Sci-fi bhanyabhanya B Cwangcisa i-9 kwindawo engaphandle Ngu-Ed Wood. Yaphuhliswa ukuze iphumelele i-Unix njengeNkqubo yokuSebenza ehanjisiweyo, esetyenziswa kuphando, kwaye iyaziwa ngokumela lonke unxibelelwano njengenkqubo yefayile.

I-HP-UX. Inguqulelo ye-Unix ephuhliswe yinkampani edumileyo yetekhnoloji uHewlett Packard ukusukela ngo-1983, isebenzisa uzinzo lwayo oludume kakubi, ubhetyebhetye, amandla kunye noluhlu lwezicelo, ezixhaphakileyo kwiinguqulelo ezininzi ze-Unix. Yinkqubo egxininise ukhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwedatha, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo kwemizi-mveliso.

I-OS OS. Inkqubo yasimahla nevulekileyo yokusebenza kweekhompyuter, yiprojekhthi ezimeleyo ngokupheleleyo yeenkampani zesoftware, enqwenela ukuba yi-OS elula, elula kwaye ekhawulezayo enezicelo kunye neempawu eziqondakalayo ngabasebenzisi abaziingcali. Ngaphandle kokubopha kubuchwephesha obudala, iyahambelana neGNU / Linux kwaye ngoku iphantsi kophuhliso.

I-Chrome OS. Okwangoku kwinqanaba leprojekthi, iNkqubo yokuSebenza yenkampani kaGoogle ithathwa, ngokusekwe kwiwebhu nakwimithombo evulekileyo yeLinux kernel, eqale yajolisa kwiincwadana ezincinci ezineprosesa ye-ARM okanye ye-x86. Le projekthi yabhengezwa ngo-2009, emva kokuba umhloli ugoogle Chrome kunye neprojekthi yakho yomthombo ovulekileyo IChromium OS baya kubonisa iziphumo ezilungileyo kakhulu zentengiso.

Sabayon Linux. Ithathiwe igama layo kwiswiti yesiTaliyane, "zabaioneUkuhanjiswa kweLinux kusekwe kwiGentoo Linux, inguqulelo yakudala eyenzelwe abasebenzisi abanamava. Ifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zedesktop, ingumthombo ovulekileyo kunye nesimahla, ejolise kulawulo olupheleleyo lwezixhobo zomsebenzisi.

I-Tuquito. Imvelaphi yaseArgentina, olu nikezelo lwe-GNU / Linux lusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-LiveCD, ngaphandle kwayo ii-Gigabytes ezi-2 zezicelo ezineephakeji ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Isekwe kwi-Ubuntu kunye ne-Debian GNU / Linux, kodwa ngombala owomeleleyo wasekhaya oqala ngegama lawo, obhekisa kwimipu.

I-Android. Ngokusekwe kwi-kernel ye-Linux, le OS yezixhobo zescreen esiphathwayo (Iifowuni, Amacwecwenjl.) yaphuhliswa yi-Android Inc. yaza kamva yathengwa nguGoogle. Kuyaziwa kakhulu namhlanje ukuba ukuthengiswa kweenkqubo ze-Android kudlula kwi-IOS (Macintosh) kunye neWindows Phone kunye.

Debian. Ngezixhobo zeLinux kernel kunye nezeGNU, le OS yasimahla yakhiwe ukusukela ngo1993 kusetyenziswana ngamawaka wabasebenzisi abavela kwihlabathi liphela, eqokelelwe phantsi kwesibhengezo se "Debian Project", kude kuzo zonke iintlobo zorhwebo. Isoftware kwaye isebenze ngokuzimeleyo. .

IKanaima GNU / Linux. Inguqulelo yaseVenezuela ye-GNU / Linux, ukulandela ukusetyenziswa kwesoftware ukulungiselela iinjongo zemfundo nezentlalo, indawo yasimahla nevulekileyo, yaboniswa ngo-2007 njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yezemfundo yalapha.

IBlackBerry OS. Umthombo ovaliweyo we-OS ofakwe kwifowuni yeselfowuni yeBlackBerry, ivumela iifayile ze ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi (Ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi) kwaye ixhasa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka, kwiimodeli ezahlukeneyo zeefowuni zenkampani. Amandla ayo anjenge-imeyile yexesha lokwenyani kunye nomphathi wekhalenda.