Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- Uhlaziyo lwaseMexico Yayiyimbambano exhobileyo eyaqala ngo-1910 yaza yaphela ngo-1920, eyayibonisa owona msitho ubalulekileyo kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko kwinkulungwane yama-20 yaseMexico. Yayiluchungechunge lwemvukelo exhobileyo nxamnye noorhulumente abalandelelanayo phantsi kwegunya lobuzwilakhe likaPorfirio Díaz, eyaqhubeka de kwayesibini okanye eyeshumi leminyaka yenkulungwane, xa uMgaqo-siseko waseMexico wagqitywa ekugqibeleni.
Ngexesha longquzulwano, imikhosi ethembekileyo kurhulumente wobuzwilakhe ka UPorfirio Diaz, owayelawula ilizwe ukusukela ngo-1876, ngokuchasene nabavukeli ababekhokelwa ngu UFrancisco I. Madero, obone ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqala umbutho wokubuyisa iRiphabhlikhi. Baphumelela ngo-1910, ngokusebenzisa iSicwangciso seSan Luis, apho baqhubela phambili ukusuka kumantla eMexico besuka eSan Antonio (eTexas).
Unyulo lonyulo lwabanjwa ngo-1911 UMadero wanyulwa njengomongameli. Kodwa ukungavisisani kwakhe nezinye iinkokheli eziguqukayo, ezinje ngePascual Orozco kunye no-Emiliano Zapata, kwakhokelela kwimvukelo ngokuchasene nabo babedibana naye. Ithuba laxuthwa liqela lamajoni aziwa namhlanje njenge- "Tragic Ten", ethi ikhokelwe ngu-Félix Díaz, Bernardo Reyes kunye no-Victoriano Huerta, benze uqhushululu babulala umongameli, umntakwabo kunye nosekela mongameli. Ke, uHuerta uthathe igunya lelizwe.
Akuzange kuthathe xesha lide ukuba iinkokeli eziguqukayo zisabele njengoVenustiano Carranza okanye uFrancisco “Pancho” Villa, owalwa no-de facto kurhulumente de kwarhoxa u-Huerta ngo-1912, emva kohlaselo lwase North America e-Veracruz. Emva koko, kude nokufikelela eluxolweni, kwaqala ukungavisisani phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo awayesusile uHuerta, ke uCarranza wabiza iAguascalientes Convention ukubiza inkokheli enye, owayenguEulalio Gutiérrez, umongameli owonyuliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, uCarranza ngokwakhe akasayihoyi isivumelwano kwaye ubundlobongela buya kuqhubeka kwakhona.
Okokugqibela, kwathathwa amanyathelo okuqala ukumisela umgaqo-siseko omtsha weli ngo-1917 kwaye uzise uCarranza emandleni. Kodwa umzabalazo wangaphakathi wawuza kuthatha iminyaka embalwa, ngexesha ezaziza kubulawa ezi nkokeli: uZapata ngo-1919, uCarranza ngo-1920, i-Villa ngo-1923, no-Obregón ngo-1928.
Kodwa sele ngo-1920 u-Adolfo de la Huerta wayethathe igunya, kwaye ngo-1924 uPlutarco Elías Calles, enika imbali yedemokhrasi yelizwe kunye nokuphelisa iNguqulelo yaseMexico.
Oonobangela boHlaziyo lwaseMexico
- Ingxaki yePorphyry. UColonel Porfirio Díaz wayesele elawula iMexico kwiminyaka engama-34 yolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Oku kwabangela ingxaki yezentlalo, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezenkcubeko, ezathi zaxhokonxa abachasi bakhe zaza zajongela phantsi ukuthembeka kukarhulumente wakhe. Xa uDíaz ngokwakhe evakalisa ukuba uzakuthatha umhlala-phantsi emva kokuphela kwexesha lakhe, amaqela angonwabangayo acinga ukuba ithuba lawo lifikile lokunyanzela utshintsho kwilizwe.
- Ingxaki yentsimi. Kwilizwe elinabemi basemaphandleni abangama-80%, imithetho neenkqubo zoqoqosho ezazixhaphakile yayilezo zabanini mhlaba kunye nabanini mhlaba. Uluntu lwabalimi kunye noluntu lwemveli lwaluphila luhlwempuzekile kwaye lunamatyala obomi, luhluthwe imihlaba yoluntu kwaye lukwimeko embi kangaka yokuba intatheli yaseMelika uJ. K. Turner kwincwadi yakhe I-Barbarian Mexico Ngo-1909 wakwazi ukubona kwangaphambili ukuvukela kwabantu abacinezelweyo.
- Ukoyiswa koluntu olukhoyo-iDarwinism. I-positivist ecinga ukuba iklasi ezilawulayo zikhona zangena kwingxaki ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, njengoko uninzi lweemestizo lwalufuna inxaxheba enkulu kwizigqibo zesizwe. Iqela elizimeleyo elibizwa ngokuba "ziiNzululwazi" belingasabonwa njengabantu kuphela abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa amandla. Ezi zimele udidi lwe-porfirate.
- Imizamo kaMadero yokulwa unyulo kwakhona. Iindwendwe ezahlukeneyo (ezintathu) ezenziwe nguMadero ukusasaza u-anti-Porfirian kulo lonke uhlanga zaphumelela kangangokuba watyholwa ngokukhuthaza imvukelo kwaye wagwetywa ukuvalelwa. Uya kuthi ke akhululwe ngebheyile, kodwa ngaphandle kwelungelo lokushiya ilizwe okanye athathe inxaxheba kunyulo, apho uColonel Porfirio Díaz wonyulwa kwakhona, ngokuchasene nesithembiso sakhe.
- Intlekele ka-1907. Ingxaki eYurophu naseMelika yabangela ukwehla okukhulu kweekhredithi zeshishini kunye namaxabiso aphezulu okungenisa elizweni, okukhokelele kukungabikho kwemisebenzi okuphezulu okonyusa ukubola kwabantu baseMexico.
Iziphumo zoHlaziyo lwaseMexico
- 3.4 yezigidi zabantu abachaphazelekayo. Akukho manani ngqo kwinani lokufa ngexesha lomlo, kodwa kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwesigidi esinye nezigidi ezibini zabantu. Ukubala ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe, indlala, ukwehla kwenqanaba lokuzalwa kunye nomkhuhlane waseSpain wabakho ngo-1918, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngabantu abazizigidi ezi-3.4 ababone ubomi babo buchaphazeleka ngonaphakade ngelixesha lembali yaseMexico.
- Ukuzalwa kwegosa eliphetheyo. Ndiyabulela kutshintsho olukhulu kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko, abo bahlelelekileyo bangena kuRhulumente ukuze bathathe imisebenzi yolawulo. Umkhosi, ugobile kwi-Revolution, nayo yavula inkqubo yayo kwaye yaqesha abasebenzi ukusuka kumgangatho ophakathi naphantsi, ikhula ngama-50 okanye ama-60% ngexesha likaRhulumente waseCalles. Oku kuthetha utshintsho olukhulu kulwabiwo lobutyebi elizweni.
- Ukufudukela ezidolophini. Ukubaleka ukuphazamiseka kunye nobundlobongela emaphandleni, kuba i-Revolution yayiyintshukumo enabantu abaninzi basemaphandleni, ipesenti enkulu yabantu abahluphekayo bafudukela ezixekweni, oko ke bekonyusa umgangatho wokuphila ezidolophini kodwa kubangela ukungalingani kwezentlalo kuzo.
- Uhlengahlengiso kwezolimo. Olunye lolona tshintsho lubalulekileyo loHlaziyo, lwavumela abalimi ukuba babenomhlaba kwaye benze iklasi entsha ye-ejidatarios. Oku, nangona kunjalo, khange kubuphucule umgangatho wobomi babo kwaye uninzi lwalukhetha ukufudukela kumasimi apho babephethwe kakubi kwaye bexhatshazwa, kodwa bahlawulwa ngcono. Abanye abaninzi bafudukela eUnited States.
- Ubugcisa kunye nefuthe loncwadi. Ababhali abaninzi baseMexico babonisa kwimisebenzi yabo okwenzekileyo phakathi kowe-1910 nowe-1917, bengazi bedala ubuchule obunamandla kunye nobugcisa obuya kuthi kamva buvelise iziqhamo kwinkcubeko yelizwe labo. Abanye baba babhali nguMariano Azuela (kwaye ngakumbi inoveli yakhe Ezingezantsi 1916), uJosé Vasconcelos, uRafael M. Muñoz, uJosé Rubén Romero, uMartín Luis Guzmán nabanye. Ke, ukusukela nge1928 ukuya phambili, uhlobo "lwenoveli yoHlaziyo" luya kuzalwa. Into efanayo yenzekile nge-cinema kunye nokufota, ogama inkcubeko yalo ibonakalise iminyaka yongquzulwano.
- Ukunyuka kweekorido kunye ne "adelitas". Ngexesha lotshintsho, i-corrido, umculo kunye nebinzana elaziwayo elifunyenwe kwimbali yakudala yaseSpain, lafumana amandla amakhulu, apho kwakubaliswa khona iziganeko ze-epic kunye neenguqu, okanye ubomi beenkokheli ezidumileyo ezinje ngePancho Villa okanye i-Emiliano Zapata zabaliswa. Ukusuka kubo kuzelwe nomfanekiso we "adelita" okanye i-soldadera, umfazi ozinikeleyo edabini, ubungqina bokuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kumacala omabini omlo.
- Ukubonakala komkhosi kwabafazi. Abasetyhini abaninzi bathathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe, bafikelela kwinqanaba le-colonel, i-lieutenant okanye i-captain, kwaye bashiya uphawu olubalulekileyo kwindlela abafazi bacinga ngayo ngelo xesha. Phakathi kwabo singabiza uMargarita Neri, uRosa Bobadilla, uJuana Ramona de Flores okanye uMaría de Jesús de la Rosa "i-coronela".
