Amabali

Umxholo

• Iindidi zamabali
• Imizekelo yamabali

Inkqubo ye- ibali Libali elifutshane, elinabalinganiswa abambalwa kunye nesiqwenga esinye esinokusekwa kwiziganeko eziyinyani okanye eziyintsomi. Njengokuba: Ukuqhubeka kweepaki (UJulio Cortazar), Intliziyo yokubalisa (Edgar Allan Poe) kunye IPinocchio (UCarlo Collodi).

Ezi ngxelo zineqhinga elilula, apho abalinganiswa bathatha inxaxheba kwisenzo esinye esiphambili. Izithuba zikwanomda: iziganeko zihlala zenzeka kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwenye okanye ezimbini.

Njengawo nawuphi na umbhalo obalisayo, ibali lihlelwe ngendlela ezintathu:

1. Intshayelelo. Kusisiqalo sebali, apho abalinganiswa kunye neenjongo zabo zithiwe thaca, ukongeza "kwisiqhelo" sebali, eliza kutshintshwa kwiqhina lomtshato.
2. Inqaku. Ungquzulwano oluphazamisa imeko yesiqhelo luboniswa kwaye ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo zenzeka.
3. Iziphumo. Uvuthondaba nokusonjululwa kwembambano kwenzeka.

• Qaphela kwakhona: Isicatshulwa soncwadi

Iindidi zamabali

• Iimbali ezimangalisayo. Abalinganiswa abathatha inxaxheba kumxholo baneempawu ezintle. Umzekelo: ii-fairies, amagqwirha, amakhosazana, iikholeji, ii-gnomes, ii-elves. Umnyhadala kunye neziganeko ezimnandi ziphambili. Zihlala zenzelwe abantwana. Njengokuba: IHood Red Riding Hood, iPinocchio, iMermaid encinci.
• Iimbali ezimnandi. Kula mabali, izinto eziqhelekileyo nezenzeka mihla le ziyabaliswa eziphazanyiswa ngesiquphe yinto engaqondakaliyo eyaphula imithetho yendalo. Abalinganiswa, akukho mahluko phakathi kwezinto ezinokwenzeka kunye nezinokwenzeka. Oko kukuthi, kumnandi kubonwa njengendalo. Njengokuba: I-Aleph, uKhuselo lweentsiba.
• Iintsomi eziyinyani. Basebenzisa izinto zobomi bendalo, ke amabali abo athembekile, enokwenzeka kwihlabathi lokwenyani. Ayibandakanyi iziganeko zomlingo okanye ezithandekayo, kunye nabalinganiswa abanokuphuma kwinyani (njengamagqwirha, ii-fairies okanye iziporho). Indawo yayo yexeshana kunye neendawo zihlala zithathwa kubomi bokwenyani, obunika ibali inyani. Njengokuba: Umvundla, indlu yokuxhela.
• Amabali oyikisayo. Iinjongo zayo kukwenza uloyiko okanye inkxalabo kubafundi, kwaye oku kufezekiswa ngokudala umoya othile okanye ngokubalisa ibali elothusayo. Eminye yemixholo efumaneka kolu hlobo lwamabali bubundlobongela oboyikisayo, iziporho okanye izindlu eziqalekisiweyo. Njengokuba: Ikati emnyama, umqondiso.
• Iintsomi zomcuphi. Ibali lijikeleza ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokukhangela umntu olityala. Ingxelo leyo ijolise ekuxeleni iinkcukacha zenkqubo apho amapolisa okanye umcuphi elawula ukufumana umoni kwaye aqonde injongo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Zimbini iintlobo zamabali abecuphi:

• • Zakudala. Umphenyi ulawula ukucacisa imfihlelo ethi, ekuqaleni, ibonakale ingenakwenzeka ukuyisombulula. Ukwenza oku, usebenzisa ingqiqo kunye nokujonga iinkcukacha. Njengokuba: Ileta ebiweyo.
  • Abantsundu. Abalinganiswa banzima ngakumbi kunamapolisa akudala kwaye umahluko phakathi kwamagorha kunye nabahlali awucacanga. Njengokuba: Umthunzi ebusuku.

Imizekelo yamabali

UMANGALISO

1. ebomvu yokuKhwela iHood. Umbhali ongumFrentshi uCharles Perrault wayengowokuqala ukubhala eli bali ngomlomo. Ibalisa ibali lentombazana ethi, ngokwesicelo sikanina, izise ingobozi kumakhulu wayo, ohlala ehlathini kwaye egula. Endleleni, intombazana iyaqhathwa yingcuka enkulu embi. Enkosi ngomgawuli wemithi obedlula ngendlela, ibali liphela ngesiphelo esimnandi.
2. IPinocchio. Umbhali wayo nguCarlo Collodi. Ibali lapapashwa kwiphephandaba lase-Italiya IGiornale nge-bambini nganye phakathi konyaka we-1882 nowe-1883. Umntu ophambili ngunodoli owenziwe ngomthi oba yinkwenkwana yokwenene, njengoko wayenqwenela njalo umchweli wakhe, uGeppetto. Umnqweno unikezwe yiBlue Fairy, kodwa nge-caveat: ukuze unodoli abe yinkwenkwe yokwenyani, kufuneka abonise ukuba uyathobela, unobubele, unesisa kwaye unyanisekile. U-Pepito Grillo, olilizwi lesazela sakhe, uya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni oku.
3. Mermaid encinci. Libhalwe yimbongi yaseDenmark uHans Christian Andersen, eli bali lapapashwa ngo-1937. Libalisa ibali lenkosazana esencinci egama linguAriel ethi, njengesipho somhla wokuzalwa, ilungiselele ukufeza iphupha layo: ukwazi umhlaba wabantu.

IINTLANGANISO ZOKWENZA

1. UAleph. Yayibhalwe nguJorge Luis Borges kwaye yapapashwa okokuqala kwiphephancwadi mazantsi ngo-1945 nasemva koko, yaba yinxalenye yencwadi ekwanegama elifanayo. Umlinganiswa ophambili webali - onegama elifanayo nelombhali wayo, ukwenza imida phakathi kwenyani kunye neentsomi ezingacacanga - kuyakufuneka ajongane nelahleko ebuhlungu ka-Beatriz Viterbo. Yonke imihla yokufa kwakhe, njengoko kwakuthenjisiwe, ndwendwela indlu awayehlala kuyo de wasweleka. Apho ubeka ubudlelwane kunye nomzala kaBeatriz, uDaneri, ombonisa umbongo obanzi wokubhala kwakhe kwaye azame ukuwazisa.
2. Umqamelo wentsiba. Eli bali labhalwa yi-Uruguay Horacio Quiroga, kwaye yafakwa kuyo Iimbali zothando, impambano kunye nokufa, eyapapashwa ngo-1917. UAlicia uqala ukugula sisifo esingaqhelekanga esithi, njengoko iintsuku zihamba, simshiye elele ebhedini. Ugqirha uzama ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukumnyanga, ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Ngenye imini, xa umkhonzazana wayesenza ibhedi yenkosikazi yakhe, wafumana amabala egazi emqamelweni. Kwangoko, uxelela uJordán, umyeni ka-Alicia, kwaye bobabini bafumanisa ukuba phakathi kweentsiba zomqamelo kwakukho isilwanyana esifihliweyo esasibangele ukufa kuka-Alicia: sasifunxa igazi entlokweni yakhe.

IINCWADI ZAMAPOLISA ZASEKUQALENI

1. Ileta ebiweyo. Ubhalwe nguEdgar Allan Poe, lo msebenzi ubekwe eParis ngeminyaka yoo-1800. Umphathiswa uyeba ileta evela kumntu onegunya ukuze ayigcine inceba yakhe. Amapolisa ahamba ngemilimitha yendlu yakhe ngeemilimitha kungekho thamsanqa kwaye ayokukhangela uDupin othi, emva kokutyelela isela, afumanise ukuba ikho le leta, ayifake eyobuxoki, ukuze umphathiswa akholelwe ukuba uyaqhubeka nokuba namandla .

INGXELO YAMAPOLISA AMNYAMA

1. Umthunzi ebusuku. Umbhali weli bali ebekwe eMelika kwii-1920s nguDashiell Hammett. Ngothotho lwabalinganiswa, ibali lihambisa ukuba loo minyaka yaphawulwa ngoThintelo, imigulukudu kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.

AMABALI AYINYANISO

1. Umvundla. Umbhali wayo ngu-Abelardo Castillo. Eli bali lifutshane lithatha uhlobo lwe-monologue kunye ne-protagonist yayo yinkwenkwe exelela into yayo yokudlala, umvundla, isizungu ahlangabezana naso kwihlabathi labantu abadala, apho aphathwa khona njengento.
2. Indawo yokuxhela. Yapapashwa kwiminyaka engama-20 emva kokubhubha kombhali wayo, u-Esteban Echeverría, ngo-1871. Kwi-Buenos Aires eyayilawulwa yi-Rosas, "i-El Restaurador", lo msebenzi udlulisa inkcaso yobundlobongela eyayikho phakathi kwe-Unitarians kunye ne-Federalists kunye nendlela ababezishiya ngayo uthabathe inkathazo.

AMABALI AXABISAYO

1. Ikati emnyama. Yayibhalwe ngu-Edgar Allan Poe waseMelika kwaye yapapashwa okokuqala kwiphephandaba NgoMgqibelo ngeposi, ngoAgasti 1843. Ibalisa ngesibini esitshatileyo esiphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo nekati yaso. Ngenye imini, le ndoda yawela etywaleni kwaye, inomsindo, yabulala isilwanyana. Yonke into iyangxama xa kuvela ikati kwindawo yesehlo kwaye iphelela kwindawo embi.
2. Umgcini. Yayibhalwe nguCharles Dickens kwaye yapapashwa kwincwadi ebhaliweyo Unyaka wonke, isixelela ibali lesiporho esivela ngokungaqhelekanga kuloliwe kwaye lihlala lisenza njalo ngeendaba ezimbi. Ngalo lonke ixesha evela, umgadi uyazi ukuba ukufa kuza.

• Qhubeka: Iinoveli