Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- Uvukelo lwaseFrance Yayiyintshukumo enkulu yezopolitiko neyentlalo eyenzeka eFrance ngo-1798 kwaye kwakhokelela ekuphelisweni kobukumkani obungenasiphelo kwelo lizwe, ukuseka urhulumente we-republic republican endaweni yakhe.
Bekhokelwa sisiqubulo esithi "inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwana" inginginya yabemi bachasa kwaye babhukuqa igunya lobukhosi, abathobela igunya lobukhosi kwaye ngokwenza njalo badlulisela kwihlabathi umqondiso wekamva elizayo: inkululeko, inkululeko , ekubeni amalungelo asisiseko abo bonke abantu enziwe abonakale.
Uqhushululu lwaseFrance luthathelwa ingqalelo phantse ngabo bonke ababhali-mbali njengomsitho wezopolitiko nezentlalo ophawula ukuqala kweYurophu yanamhlanje eYurophu. Yayisisiganeko esothusa ilizwe liphela kwaye sisasaza izimvo zenguqulelo yoKukhanya kwikona nganye.
Oonobangela boHlaziyo lwaseFrance
Izizathu zoQhushululu lwaseFrance ziqala ukunqongophala kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, intlupheko enkulu kunye nokungalingani kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho ezazikho eFrance ngexesha lolawulo lukaLouis XVI noMarie Antoinette. Kunye neCawe kunye nabefundisi, ubukhosi babulawula ngamandla angenamda, njengoko izihlalo etroneni zaziswa nguThixo buqu. Ukumkani wenza izigqibo ezingenangqondo kunye nezingaqwalaselwanga, ukudala iirhafu ezintsha, ukulahla iimpahla zezifundo, ukubhengeza imfazwe nokusayina uxolo, njl.
Oku kungalingani kwamadoda phambi komthetho, othi, nangona wawufana, ugwebe abazizityebi kunye namahlwempu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngendlela efanayo nolawulo olupheleleyo lwenkosi kwinkululeko yokuthetha ngeendlela zokuthintela, igcine uninzi lwabemi belusoloko ludanile kwaye lungonwabanga. Ukuba songeza kuloo mali yamalungelo entlalontle nezoqoqosho ezazinanditshwa ngabantu basebukhosini nabefundisi ngokuxhaphaza abantu, kuyaqondakala ukuba ngexesha lokuqhambuka babeyinto yentiyo ethandwayo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba kubemi baseFrance abazizigidi ezingama-23 ngelo xesha, ngama-300 000 kuphela awayengaba bantu balawulayo ababenandipha onke amalungelo. Abanye bebengabantu "abaqhelekileyo", ngaphandle kwabarhwebi kunye noohlohlesakhe abanentloni.
Iziphumo zoHlaziyo lwaseFrance
Iziphumo zoQhushululu lwaseFrance zinzima kwaye zinokufikelela kwihlabathi lonke okusakhunjulwa nanamhlanje.
- Umyalelo wobukhosi waphela. Ngokuphelisa ubukhosi kunye nelungelo labefundisi, abaHlaziyi baseFrance basebenzise umfuziselo wobukhosi eYurophu nasehlabathini, behlwayela imbewu yotshintsho kumazwe nakwimimandla emininzi. Ngelixa amanye amazwe ase-Yuropu ecinga ngokoyikeka ngokunqunyulwa intloko kookumkani base-France, kwezinye iindawo, ezinje nge-Hispanic America, iikholoni ziya kuzondla ngaloo mbono wenkululeko kwaye kwiminyaka kamva izakuqala i-Revolutions of Independence kwi-Spanish Crown.
- IRiphabhlikhi yaseFrance ibhengeziwe. Ukuvela kwenkqubo entsha yezopolitiko neyentlalo kuya kutshintsha ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho namandla ngaphakathi kweFrance ngonaphakade. Oku kuyakuquka amaxesha ngamaxesha otshintsho, amanye enegazi kunamanye, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuya kukhokelela kumava ohlukeneyo ombutho odumileyo, nangona kunjalo, oliza kulifaka ilizwe kwisiphithiphithi. Kumanqanaba okuqala, enyanisweni, kufuneka bajongane nemfazwe nabamelwane babo basePrussia, ababefuna ukubuyisela ukumkani kwitrone yakhe ngenkani.
- Ulwabiwo lomsebenzi omtsha luyenziwa. Ukuphela koluntu lukarhulumente kuya kuyiguqula indlela yokuvelisa amaFrentshi kwaye kuya kuvumela ukwaziswa kwemithetho yonikezelo kunye nebango, kunye nokungangeneleli kukarhulumente kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. Oku kuyakuqwalasela uluntu olutsha olunenkululeko, olukhuselweyo kwezopolitiko ngobalo lwabantu.
- Amalungelo abantu abhengezwa okokuqala. Isilogeni sakhwaza ngexesha lokuqala koQhushululu, "Inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwana okanye ukufa", kwavusa iNdibano yesiZwe kwiSibhengezo sokuqala seLungelo lamaLungelo oLuntu, intshayelelo kunye nenkuthazo Amalungelo abantu yexesha lethu. Ngethuba lokuqala, amalungelo alinganayo abekwa umthetho kubo bonke abantu, ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yabo ngokwasentlalweni, inkolelo okanye ubuhlanga. Amakhoboka akhululwa kwaye ityala lentolongo lapheliswa.
- Iindima ezintsha zentlalo ziyafakwa. Nangona yayingeloNguquko yabasetyhini, yanika abasetyhini indima eyahlukileyo, esebenzayo ngakumbi kulwakhiwo lwentlalo entsha, kunye nokupheliswa kwe-mayorazgo kunye nezinye izithethe ezininzi zobukhosi. Oku kwakuthetha ukusekwa ngokutsha kweziseko zentlalo nezoqoqosho, ekwathetha ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abefundisi, ukuhlutha izinto zeCawe kunye nezityebi.
- Oohlohlesakhe benyuka ngamandla eYurophu. Abarhwebi, oohlohlesakhe abangeneleli abathi kamva baqala uQinisekiso lweMizi-mveliso, baqala ukuhlala kwindawo engenabantu yasebukhosini njengodidi olulawulayo, olukhuselwe kukuqokelelwa kwenkunzi hayi umhlaba, imvelaphi entle okanye ukusondela kuThixo. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba utshintsho lwaseYurophu lube lolwanamhlanje, ngexesha leminyaka ezayo xa oorhulumente be-feudal beqala ukwehla kancinci.
- Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala waseFrance ubhengeziwe. Lo mgaqo-siseko, isiqinisekiso samalungelo afunyenwe ngumkhosi wotshintsho kwaye ubonakalise umoya wenkululeko kuqoqosho nakuluntu lwenkqubo entsha yelizwe, uyakusebenza njengomzekelo nesiseko kumgaqo-siseko weRiphabliki wehlabathi.
- Ukwahlulwa phakathi kweCawa noRhulumente kuyaziswa. Oku kwahlukana kubalulekile ekungeneni kweleNtshona, kuba ivumela ezopolitiko ngaphandle kwezenkolo. Oku kwenzeke ngokuhluthwa kwezinto zeCawe kunye nabefundisi, ukuncitshiswa kwamandla abo kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko, kwaye ngaphezulu kwako konke ukutshintshelwa kuRhulumente werenti eqokelelwe yiCawe ebantwini ngenxa yeenkonzo zoluntu. Abefundisi, ke ngoko, babeza kufumana umvuzo kuRhulumente njengalo naliphi na igosa. Imihlaba kunye neempahla zeCawe kunye nobukhosi bathengiselwa abalimi abazizityebi kunye noohlohlesakhe, kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo kwiRevolution.
- Ikhalenda entsha kunye nemihla emitsha yesizwe yamiselwa. Olu tshintsho luye lwazama ukuphelisa yonke intsalela ye-feudal odlulileyo, yafumana ubudlelwane obutsha obungumqondiso kunye noluntu obungaphawulwanga yinkolo, kwaye ke ngokwakha inkcubeko yeRiphabhlikhi yamaFrentshi.
- Ukunyuka kukaNapoleon Bonaparte njengo-Emperor. Enye yezona zinto zintle kakhulu ngoQhushululu lwaseFrance kukuba yaphelela kulawulo lobukumkani kwakhona. Ngokudibana okubizwa ngokuba yiBrumaire 18, uGeneral Napoleon Bonaparte, ebuya eYiphutha, uzakuthatha izintambo zesizwe kwingxaki yentlalo, emva kwamaxesha okutshutshiswa kwegazi ezandleni zamaJacobins. Obu Bukhosi butsha bukaNapoleon ekuqaleni babunokubonakala kwiriphabliki kodwa iinkqubo ezingagungqiyo kwaye ziya kumilisela iFrance ukuba yoyise umhlaba. Emva kothotho lweemfazwe, ubukhosi buza kuphela ngo-1815 ngokulahleka kweMfazwe yaseWaterloo (eBelgium) ngokuchasene nomkhosi wobumbano waseYurophu.
