Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- ifosili yeefuweli ngabo abo imvelaphi yabo ibuyele kubunzima bezinto eziphilayo (i-biomass) eziveliswe kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo zaze zangcwatywa kumaleko angaphakathi omhlaba ongaphantsi, apho uxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye nezinye iinkqubo zemichiza yomzimba yayibeka kwiinkqubo ezinzulu zenguqu ezinesiphumo, ngokuchanekileyo, izinto ezinomxholo wamandla amakhulu.
Banokukukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeeHydrocarbon
- Imizekelo yezixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa
- Imizekelo yeziBonelelo eziNgenakuhlaziywa
- Imizekelo yeengxaki zezeNdalo
Amafutha asefossil yimithombo yamandla Ayinakuhlaziywa, kuba ngoku zityiwa ngesantya esikhawulezileyo kunokuba zenziwe kwifom.
Uninzi lwamandla asetyenzisiweyo kwihlabathi namhlanje avela kukutsha kwezi ntlobo zezinto, kokubini ukuvelisa umbane kunye nokondla amashishini imichiza, njengokuhambisa izithuthi, amagumbi okukhanyisa, ukupheka okanye ukufudumeza amakhaya.
Ukusetyenziswa okunje kwihlabathi kungenxa yokuba kulula ukukhupha, i ubuninzi obukhoyo behlabathi kunye neendleko zoqoqosho kunye netekhnoloji elula, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezintsonkothileyo okanye ezingenanzuzo kangako zamandla.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutshiswa kwe-fossil fuels kuvelisa iigesi eziyityhefu ngobuninzi (i-carbon monoxide, ii-sulfurous gases, carcinogens, njl. Njl.) Kwaye ngomnye wemithombo ephambili ukonakaliswa kwendalo notshintsho lwemozulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21.
Zine izinto ezaziwa ngamafutha ezinto ezikhoyo:
Amalahle
Le minerali sisiphumo se intlenga yesityalo sangaphambi kwembali (Kuqikelelwa ukuba ixesha leCarboniferous, malunga neminyaka engama-300 yezigidi eyadlulayo) kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphantsi koxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu.
Inkqubo enjalo izimbiwa Ngokutyebisa ikhabhoni, ivelisa izinto eziqinileyo ezinamandla amakhulu omlingani, osetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yamandla nakwimveliso yezixhobo (iiplastiki, ioyile, idayi, njl.
Zine iindidi eziphambili zamalahle: i-peat, i-lignite, amalahle, kunye ne-anthracite, ezilungiselelwe apha ukusuka kwelona zisezantsi ukuya kwelona liphezulu lekhabhoni. Lo mbandela udlale indima ebalulekileyo kuHlaziyo lwezoPhuculo kunye nophuhliso lweetekhnoloji zomphunga, de kwaba kukufuduswa yioyile. Oovimba abakhulu bamalahle baseMelika, eRashiya nase China.
Irhasi yendalo
Yindibaniselwano elula yoku hydrocarbon gaseous, ekhutshwe kwiidiphozithi ezizimeleyo (simahla) okanye kwi-oyile okanye kwiidipozithi zamalahle (ezinxulumene nazo).
Kuzo zombini iimeko, iveliswa kukubola kwe-anaerobic (ngaphandle kobukho beoksijini) yezinto eziphilayo kwaye kunjalo yahlulwe ngokwezona zinto ziphambili nezisebenzisekayo, ezinje nge-methane (ngaphezulu kwe-90% yomxholo wayo, ngokubanzi), i-ethane (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-11%), ipropane (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3.7%), ibutane (ngaphantsi kwe-0.7%), kunye ne-nitrogen kunye ne-carbon dioxide, phakathi kwezinye i-inert iigesi, umkhondo wesalfure kunye nobumdaka.
Inkqubo ye- Ugcino oluphambili lwegesi yendalo emhlabeni zibekwe ku-Mbindi Mpuma (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-43% yelizwe liphela, ngakumbi e-Iran nase-Qatar), kwaye ibe ngamafutha ahambelanayo kunye nongcoliseko oluncinci kunamanye amafutha ezinto ezingaphiliyo (ukukhutshwa okungaphantsi kwe-CO22), isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengomthombo wamandla (ngakumbi iComputer yegesi yendalo kunye neGesi yeNdalo eLawulayo) kwaye njengomthombo wekhalori, kokubini emakhaya nakumashishini nakwiindlela zothutho.
Irhasi yepetroleum engamanzi
I-LPG ngumxube ikakhulu wepropane kunye ne-butane, ekhoyo kwigesi yendalo okanye inyibilikiswe kwioyile ekrwada, enophawu lokuba lula ukutsha (yajika yaba lulwelo).
Zizinto ezenziwa rhoqo ze-catalytic fractional distillation (okanye i-FCC) ye-petroleum, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengamafutha asekhaya, inikwe amandla e-caloric kunye nokhuseleko, kunye nasekufumaneni ii-olefin (alkeneskumzi mveliso weplastiki.
Ioyile
Olwelo olunamafutha, olumnyama nolushinyeneyo ngumxube wehydrocarbons ezintsonkothileyo ezingenakunyibilika emanzini (iparafini, i-naphthenes kunye ne-aromatics), eyakhiwe kumadama obunzulu obunokuguquguquka (phakathi kwe-600 kunye ne-5,000 yeemitha) kumaleko omhlaba ongaphantsi.
Njengamanye amafutha eefosili, iyimveliso ye Ukuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphilayo (I-zooplankton kunye ne-algae ikakhulu) kumazantsi e-anoxic kunye neelwandle zakudala, kamva zangcwatywa phantsi kweendwangu zodaka koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu. Ngenxa yobuninzi bezinto ezixineneyo kunye ne-porosity of sedimentary rock, ezi hydrocarboni zinyukela phezulu okanye zibanjiswe kwiidipozithi zeoyile.
Inkqubo ye- Ioyile Isetyenzisiwe ukusukela kwinto yakudala yabantu njengegrisi, i-pigment okanye i-petroli, kodwa bekungekho nakwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye noVukelo lwezeMizi-mveliso xa kufunyanwa ubambiswano lwayo kwimizi-mveliso, ukuqhubela phambili ekusebenziseni nasekusebenziseni kwimveliso yezibaso (ipetroli, idizili, iparafini) yezithuthi okanye yokusetyenziswa kombane, kwaye njengoko impahla engekasilwa kumzi mveliso weekhemikhali kunye nezixhobo.
Okwangoku imele elinye lawona macandelo aphambili emizi-mveliso kunye nezezimali kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi, ekuguqukeni kwemveliso kunye nokuthengisa kunakho ukuchaphazela ukulingana kwehlabathi kuqoqosho lwabantu.
Uluhlu lwe Iziphumo zePetroleum inkulu, ukusuka kwipolyesters nakwiiplastikhi ukuya kwiigesi ezinokutsha kunye nolwelo, izinyibilikisi, ii-pigment kunye neetetera ezinde kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutsalwa nokusetyenziswa kwayo kubonisa ingxaki enkulu yokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokungabinamanzi emanzini, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukucoceka kwimeko yokuchitheka, kwaye inikwe imveliso ephezulu yezinto ezinobuthi ezibandakanya ukutshiswa ngumlilo: ilothe, icarbon dioxide, imonoksayidi yekhabhoni, Isalfure oxides, i-nitrous oxides kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi ebomini kunye nokulinganisela kwendalo kwiplanethi.
- Imizekelo yeeHydrocarbon
- Imizekelo yezixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa
- Imizekelo yeziBonelelo ezingavuselelekiyo
- Imizekelo yeentlekele zendalo
- Imizekelo yeengxaki zezeNdalo
