Amandla angaphakathi

Umxholo

• Ukwahluka kwamandla ngaphakathi
• Imizekelo yamandla angaphakathi
• Ezinye iintlobo zamandla

Inkqubo ye- amandla angaphakathiNgokomgaqo wokuQala weThermodynamics, iyaqondwa njengaleyo inxulunyaniswa nentshukumo engahleliyo yamasuntswana enkqubo. Yahlukile kumandla a-odolwe ziinkqubo zemacroscopic, ezinxulunyaniswa nezinto ezihambayo, kuba ibhekisa kumandla aqulethwe zizinto ezikwisikali esincinci kunye neselekyuli.

A) Ewe, into inokuphumla ngokupheleleyo kwaye inqongophele amandla abonakalayo (ayinakubakho okanye ikinetic), ukanti ube ubuzz ngeemolekyuli ezihambayo, Ukuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu ngomzuzwana. Ngapha koko, ezi molekyuli ziya kutsala kwaye zigxothane ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yazo yemichiza kunye nezinto ezincinci, nangona kungekho ntshukumo ibonakalayo kwiliso lenyama.

Amandla angaphakathi athathelwa ingqalelo njengobungakanani obubanzi, okt unxulumene nesixa semicimbi kwinkqubo yamasuntswana enikiweyo. Emva koko iquka zonke ezinye iintlobo zamandla zombane, ikinetic, imichiza kunye namandla anokubakho kwiiathom zento enikiweyo.

Olu hlobo lwamandla luhlala lumelwa ngumqondiso OKANYE.

Ukwahluka kwamandla ngaphakathi

Inkqubo ye- amandla angaphakathi Iinkqubo zamasuntswana zinokwahluka, nokuba zithini na indawo yazo okanye imeko efumanekayo (kwimeko yolwelo kunye neegesi). Umzekelo, xa usazisa ubushushu kwinkqubo evaliweyo yamasuntswana, kongezwa amandla obushushu anokuchaphazela amandla angaphakathi ephela.

Nangona kunjalo, amandla angaphakathi nguumsebenzi wenqanabaOko kukuthi, ayikhathaleli kuyantlukwano edibanisa izinto ezimbini zomcimbi, kodwa ukuya kwindawo yokuqala neyokugqibela. Kungako kunjalo ukubala ukwahluka kwamandla angaphakathi kumjikelo onikiweyo kuya kuhlala kungunothikwimeko yokuqala kunye nemeko yokugqibela zizinto ezifanayo.

Iifomula zokubala oku kwahluka zezi:

U = U_B - OKANYE_UKUYA, apho inkqubo ihambileyo ukusuka kurhulumente A ukuya ku-B.

=U = -W, kwimeko apho ubungakanani bomsebenzi womatshini W wenziwe, okhokelela ekwandisweni kwenkqubo kunye nokuhla kwamandla ayo angaphakathi.

=U = Q, kwiimeko apho songeza khona amandla obushushu awonyusa amandla angaphakathi.

=U = 0, kwiimeko zotshintsho olujikelezayo lwamandla angaphakathi.

Onke la matyala kunye namanye anokushwankathelwa kumlinganiso ochaza uMgaqo woLondolozo lwaMandla kwinkqubo:

= U = Q kunye noW

Imizekelo yamandla angaphakathi

1. Iibhetri. Umzimba weebhetri ezihlawulisiweyo uqukethe amandla angaphakathi asetyenziswayo, enkosi iimpendulo zamachiza phakathi kweeasidi kunye nezinyithi ezinzima ngaphakathi. Amandla ombane angaphakathi aya kuba maninzi xa umthwalo wawo ugqibekile kwaye ungaphantsi xa sele ugqityiwe, nangona kwimeko yeebhetri ezinokuphinda zisebenze la mandla anokuphinda anyuswe ngokuzisa umbane ophuma kuwo.
2. Iigesi ezixineneyo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba iigesi zihlala zithatha umthamo opheleleyo wesikhongozeli eziqulathwe kuzo, kuba amandla abo angaphakathi aya kwahluka njengoko isixa sendawo sikhulu kwaye siyonyuka xa singaphantsi. Ke, irhasi esasazeke egumbini inamandla amancinci ngaphakathi kunokuba siyicinezela kwisilinda, kuba amasuntswana ayo aya kunyanzeleka ukuba asebenzisane ngokusondeleyo.
3. Yandisa ubushushu bezinto. Ukuba sonyusa iqondo lobushushu, umzekelo, iigrama zamanzi kunye ne gram yobhedu, zombini kubushushu obusezantsi be-0 ° C, siya kuqaphela ukuba ngaphandle kokulinganayo komba, umkhenkce uya kufuna isixa esikhulu amandla ewonke ukufikelela kubushushu obufunekayo. Kungenxa yokuba ubushushu obukhethekileyo buphezulu, oko kukuthi, amasuntswana awo awawamkeli kangako amandla azisiweyo kunalawo obhedu, esongeza ubushushu ngokuthe chu ngamandla alo angaphakathi.
4. Hlanganisa ulwelo. Xa sinyibilikisa iswekile okanye ityuwa emanzini, okanye sikhuthaza imixube efanayo, sihlala sishukumisa ulwelo ngesixhobo esikhuthaza ukonyuka okukhulu. Oku kungenxa yokonyuka kwamandla angaphakathi enkqubo eveliswe kukungeniswa kwelo nani lomsebenzi (W) elinikezwe sisenzo sethu, esivumela ukuphindaphinda kwakhona kweekhemikhali phakathi kwamasuntswana abandakanyekayo.
5. Umphungazamanzi. Nje ukuba amanzi abiliswe, siya kuqaphela ukuba umphunga unamandla angaphezulu angaphezulu kunalawo angamanzi akwisingxobo. Kungenxa yokuba, nangona kunjalo iimolekyuli (ikhompawundi ayitshintshanga), ukwenza utshintsho emzimbeni songeze inani elithile lamandla e-caloric (Q) emanzini, nto leyo ebangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwamasuntswana ayo.

Ezinye iintlobo zamandla