Imithetho ye-APA

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yemigangatho ye-APA

Inkqubo ye- Imithetho ye-APA Ziseti yemigaqo kunye neengqungquthela zokulungiselela amaphepha ememorographic okanye amaphepha ophando. Olu hlobo lwesimbo lwaphuhliswa ngu Umbutho weAmerican Psycological Association Kwaye kwasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela njengefomathi esemgangathweni yokubhekiswa kwamagama nezivakalisi.

Lo mmiselo usetyenziswa, ngaphezulu kwako konke, kwimisebenzi yophando emiselweyo kwaye idibanisa iikhrayitheriya kwifomathi enye ekufuneka icwangcise isicatshulwa esipheleleyo: imida, izicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo, imibhalo esemazantsi kunye nezalathiso zokugqibela zebhayibhile.

Imigangatho ye-APA ihlaziywa rhoqo, kwiinguqulelo ezilandelelweyo ezifakwe kwiincwadana zazo ezisemthethweni.

• Inokukunceda: izicatshulwa zeBhayibhile

Imizekelo yemigangatho ye-APA

1. Imida yephepha. Imida yamacala omane kufuneka ibe yi-2.54 cm, kunye nesicatshulwa sonke.

1. Umbhalo osemazantsi. Amanqaku kufuneka aboniswe ngesalathiso senombolo esilandelanayo (1, 2, 3) emzimbeni wombhalo. Ukuba zizimpawu zokuphuhlisa oko bekutshiwo emsebenzini, kuya kufuneka baye kunyawo lwephepha kwaye banokusasazeka ngaphezulu kwamaphepha amaninzi. Ukuba ngamanqaku apheleleyo okanye ezinye izinto ezongezelelweyo, kuya kufuneka baye njengamanqaku okugqibela. Imibhalo esemazantsi ayisetyenziselwa ukuboniswa kweencwadi.

1. Ukufakwa kwamanani kwiphepha. Amaphepha okubhaliweyo kufuneka asoloko enenombolo kwikona ephezulu okanye esezantsi ekhohlo, ngaphandle kwaleyo, ukuba ikho, kwiphepha elingaphandle, iphepha lesihloko kunye namaphepha okuqala (ukuvuma, iipigraphs, njl.) Eziza kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukubala kodwa kungabalwa. Inani lephepha kufuneka likhatshwe yifani yombhali wombhalo: Ifani 103

1. Ukopha. Umgca wokuqala womhlathi ngamnye (ngaphandle komgca wokuqala wesicatshulwa) kufuneka ubekwe kwindawo ezintlanu ngaphambi kwegama lokuqala. Esi sithuba silingana nethebhu (hit yesitshixo ithebhu).

1. Izifinyezo. Iitekisi zemfundo zihlala zisebenzisa izifinyezo kwizalathiso zazo, kwizicatshulwa zazo okanye kwizicatshulwa ezibonakalisayo:

• • isahl. (isahluko)
  • ed. (ushicilelo)
  • isityhi. (Uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo)
  • urhwebo. (umguquleli okanye umguquleli)
  • s.f. (ngaphandle komhla)
  • iphe. (iphepha)
  • iphepha. (amaphepha)
  • ikhaphetshu. (ivolumu)
  • hayi. (inombolo)
  • iphe. (Inxalenye)
  • supl (ukongeza)
  • ed (umpapashi okanye umshicileli)
  • ikhomputha (umqokeleli)
  • comps. (abahlanganisi)

1. Ukubhalwa kwegama ngamagama angaphantsi kwama-40 okanye imigca emihlanu. Kufuneka zifakwe kumanqaku acatshulweyo aphindwe kabini ("") ukwahlula kuwo wonke umbhalo, ngaphandle kokutshintsha umhlathi. Kufuneka ikhatshwe sisalathiso sabazali:

UGautier wangqina malunga nokuziphatha ukuba “bobona bugcisa buhle” (1985, iphe. 4).

1. Ukucatshulwa kwegama ngamagama angaphezu kwama-40 okanye imigca emihlanu. Zibhalwe ngosayizi omncinci wefonti (inqaku elinye okanye amabini) kunombhalo oqhelekileyo, zifakwe kwiithebhu ezimbini kwaye ngaphandle kwamanqaku okucaphula, njengokubhaliweyo kwisicatshulwa kwaye zikhatshwa sisalathiso sabazali.

1. Ukuchaza okanye ukucaphula iikowuti. Ukushwankathela, Oko kukuthi, izimvo zabanye abantu ezishwankathelwe ngawabo amazwi, kufuneka zisoloko zibonisa ubhalo lwantlandlolo. Isalathiso esingumzali ngegama lokugqibela lombhali kunye nonyaka wokupapashwa komsebenzi wakhe ubonakalisiwe ekupheleni kwengcaciso:

Imingxunya emnyama ikhupha iifom ezibonakalayo zemitha (Hawking, 2002) kunye ...

1. Iingqinisiso zabazali. Zonke izicatshulwa kunye nokuchazwa komxholo ophandwe ngumntu wesithathu kufuneka kubhekiswe kuwo. Izikhombisi kufuneka zibonise: ifani yombhali ocatshuliweyo + unyaka wokupapashwa kwenombolo + yephepha (ukuba kufanelekile):

(Soublette, 2002, iphepha 45)
(Soublette, 2002)
(Soublette, iphe. 45)
(2002, iphepha 45)

1. Chaza ababhali ababini okanye nangaphezulu. Ukuba isicatshulwa esikhankanyiweyo sinombhali ongaphezulu kwesinye, amagama abo afanelekileyo kufuneka abekwe kwisalathiso, ahlukaniswe ngamakhoma kwaye ekugqibeleni ngophawu "&":

Ababhali ababini: Mckenzie & Wright, 1999, iphe. 100
Ababhali abathathu: Mckenzie, Wright & Lloyce, 1999, iphe. 100
Ababhali abahlanu: Mckenzie, Wright, Lloyce, Farab & López, 1999, iphe. 100

1. Chaza umbhali ophambili kunye nabanegalelo. Ukuba isicatshulwa esikhankanyiweyo sinombhali oyintloko kunye nabasebenzisanayo, igama lombhali ophambili kufuneka libekwe kwisalathiso, emva koko intetho okqhubekayo:

UMckenzie, et al., 1999.
UMckenzie, uWight, et al., 1999.

1. Caphula umbhali odibeneyo. Imibhalo engumbhali wayo ayinguye umntu kodwa yeyenkampani okanye yeziko ekubhekiswa kulo ngokubeka igama okanye isifinyezo senkampani apho igama lokugqibela lombhali liza kuya khona:

I-UN, 2010.
IMicrosoft, 2014.

1. Caphula umntu ongaziwayo. Kwimeko yababhali abangaziwayo (abangalinganiyo nababhali abangaziwayo), igama Ongaziwayo endaweni yegama lokugqibela lombhali kunye neminye imiyalelo kwifomathi iyakhathalelwa:

Ongaziwayo, 1815, iphe. 10

1. Uluhlu lweereferensi zebhayibhile (ibhibliografi). Ukuphela komsebenzi wophando kufuneka kuqulathe uluhlu kunye nayo yonke ibibliografi ekhankanyiweyo. Kolu luhlu amagama ababhali okugqibela acwangciswe ngokwee-alfabhethi, kwaye kongeza unyaka wokupapashwa komsebenzi kubazali, isihloko kubekelisiwe nakulo lonke ulwazi lokuhlela:

Igama lokugqibela, Igama lombhali (unyaka wokupapashwa). Isiqinisekiso. IsiXeko, ilizwe lokupapashwa: Inqaku lomhleli.

1. Jonga izicatshulwa zencwadi. Kwisiqwenga sencwadi esingakhange siboniswane sisonke, kusetyenziswa le ndlela ilandelayo:

Ifani, Igama lombhali wesiqwengana (unyaka wokupapashwa). Msgstr "Isihloko sesiqwenga". Ngefani, Ukuhlanganiswa okanye isihloko sencwadi (iphe uluhlu lwamaphepha ahlala kwisiqwenga esahlulwe kukuqhagamshela). IsiXeko, ilizwe lokupapashwa: Inqaku lomhleli.

1. Jonga amanqaku ephephancwadi. Ukubandakanya inqaku lephephancwadi kwi-bibliografi, ulwazi lokuhlela olunxulumene nenani kunye nomthamo wamaxesha kufuneka lubandakanywe:

Ifani, Igama lombhali wenqaku (Umhla wopapasho). "Isihloko senqaku". Igama lemagazini. Umthamo (Inani), iphe. Uluhlu lwephepha lenqaku.

1. Jonga amanqaku kwi-intanethi. Amanqaku akwi-Intanethi akhankanyiweyo kwisicatshulwa kufuneka abe ne-URL, ukuze iphinde ifumaneke kwaye kuboniswane nayo:

Igama lokugqibela, Igama lombhali ukuba ukhona (Umhla wopapasho). "Isihloko senqaku". Igama lephephancwadi elikwi-Intanethi. Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: // www Idilesi ye-URL yenqaku.

1. Jonga amanqaku eendaba. Ukukhankanya amanqaku asuka kwiphephancwadi, unike ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga nendawo ekuyo inqaku elo, kubandakanya umbhali (ukuba ukhona):

Umbhali: Igama lokugqibela, Igama lombhali (Umhla wopapasho). "Isihloko senqaku". Igama lephephandabauluhlu lwephepha.
Akukho mbhali: "Isihloko senqaku" (Umhla wopapasho). Igama lephephandabauluhlu lwephepha.

1. Jonga iphepha lewebhu. Ukufaka iphepha le-Intanethi elingelo magazini okanye iphephandaba elikwi-intanethi, kusetyenziswa le fomathi ilandelayo:

Igama lokugqibela, Igama lombhali (Umhla wopapasho). Isihloko sephepha lewebhu. Indawo yokupapashwa: Abapapashi. Ukufunyanwa kwi: http: // www. URL yephepha

1. Jonga umboniso bhanyabhanya. Kuzo zonke iintlobo zeemiboniso bhanyabhanya, ifomathi ithatha umlawuli njengombhali womsebenzi kwaye inikezela ngolwazi kwinkampani yemveliso:

Ifani, Igama lombhali (Unyaka wokuvela). Isihloko sefilimu. Indlu yokuvelisa.

• Qhubeka: Izihloko zomdla ukubhengeza