Ezintle kunye nezibi

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yokukhuthaza okuqinisekileyo
• Imizekelo ye-catalyst engeyiyo

Ibizwa njalo catalysis kwinkqubo yemichiza ukukhawulezisa okanye ukunciphisa isantya sokuphendula ngamachiza, ukusuka kongezwe into okanye into, zombini ezilula kunye nekhompawundi, eziguqula amaxesha okusabela ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ubume bemveliso yokugqibela efanayo kwaye, nangaphezulu, ngaphandle kokuphulukana nobunzima bayo kwinkqubo, eyenzeka ngee reagents.

Le nto ibizwa ngokuba ukuguqula. Yonke impendulo yamachiza ine-catalyst efanelekileyo, enokukhawulezisa, ukukhulisa okanye ukuphucula (kukunceda), okanye ngokuchaseneyo ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa kunye nokwenza buthathaka (Ingxaki engeyiyoInkqubo yakho. Ezi zokugqibela zihlala zaziwa ngokuba zii-inhibitors.

Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeeCatalysts (kunye nemisebenzi yazo)

Imizekelo yokukhuthaza okuqinisekileyo

1. Ubushushu. Uninzi lweempendulo zamachiza lunokukhawuleziswa ngaphandle kokutshintsha iimveliso zazo, ngokunyusa ubushushu yendlela yokuphendula. Ngesi sizathu ukubola kwe- umba yenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwiitropiki.
2. Iintsholongwane. Ngokwendalo zahlulwe ngumzimba wezinto eziphilayo, ii-enzymes zidlala indima ebalulekileyo yokunyusa, zikhawulezisa iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi, ukuba zenzeke zodwa, zifuna amaqondo obushushu ahlala engahambelani nobomi. (jonga: ii-enzymes zokwetyisa)
3. Iipalladium catalysts. Kwiimoto ezisebenzisa i-petroli engenamithambo, imibhobho ene-palladium okanye i-platinum kwiincinci ezincinci zihambelana nokukhutshwa kweemoto, zinokubangela ukuba inkqubo yokunciphisa i-carbon monoxide kunye nezinye i-gesi ezinobuthi zivumela ukunciphisa izinto ayinabungozi kangako ngexesha lokurekhoda.
4. Iziphumo zeFluorine. Zikhawulezisa ukubola kwe-ozone (O₃ → O + O₂) kwioksijini, impendulo ehlala icotha. Le yingxaki yeeerosol kunye nezikhenkcezisi ezikhuphela ii-CFC kumoya ojikeleze umhlaba: zithomalalisa umaleko we-ozone ngale ndlela.
5. Magnesium dioxide (MnO₂). I-catalyst rhoqo ekonakaleni kweHydrogen Peroxide okanye i-hydrogen peroxide (2H₂OKANYE₂ → 2H₂O + O₂) emanzini nakwioksijini.
6. Umnxeba. Isetyenziswa kwi-hydrogenation yeoyile yemifuno, ukufumana imajarini, kuba esi sinyithi sikhawulezisa inkqubo yokufumana iipids.
7. Isilivere. Isilivere yePolycrystalline kunye nenanoporose zizinto ezisebenzayo zokunyusa i-carbon dioxide (CO₂ngovavanyo lwe-electrocatalysis.
8. IAluminiyam chloride. Umqeshwa e ishishini ishishini le-petrochemical ukukhawulezisa ukuveliswa kwentlaka eyenziweyo okanye izinto zokuthambisa, ngaphandle kokuguqula imeko ethe-ethe hydrocarbon kumbuzo, kuba ineasidi kunye neepropathi ezisisiseko ngexesha elinye (amphoteric substance).
9. Isinyithi. Isetyenziswa njengesixhobo kwinkqubo yeHaber-Bosch ukufumana i-ammonia kwi-hydrogen kunye ne-nitrogen.
10. Ukukhanya kwe-UV. Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet, kunye ne catalyst ethile, Yenza i-photocatalysis: ukukhawulezisa kwempendulo yamachiza ngomsebenzi we-catalyst owenziwe ngamandla okukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.

Imizekelo ye-catalyst engeyiyo

1. Ubushushu. Kanye njengokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kukhawulezisa i iinkqubo zemichiza, ukuncipha kwayo kuyalibazisa. Lo ngumgaqo wefriji, umzekelo, owandisa ubomi bokutya ngokukugcina kubushushu obuphantsi.
2. Icitric acid. Iasidi yelemoni kunye nezinye iziqhamo zesitrasi ziyayicothisa inkqubo yegcwala izinto eziphilayo.
3. I-enzyme inhibitors. Izinto zebhayoloji ezibophelela kwii-enzymes kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi wazo, ukumisa iinkqubo zeekhemikhali okanye zebhayoloji. Zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulwa zintsholongwane ebangela izifo, Ukuthintela inkqubo ethile ephambili ekuveliseni kwakhona.
4. Potassium chlorate. Isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, apho i-magnetite yentsimbi ifakwe isantya sokucothisa okanye ukuthintela inkqubo yayo yokubola.
5. I-asidi ye-Sorbic. Isilondolozi sendalo esisetyenziselwa ishishini lokutya ukucothisa ukubola kokutya.
6. Itetraethyl ikhokela. Kwipetroli ekhokelwe ngoku engasasebenziyo, le nto yayisetyenziswa njenge-antiknock, okt ukuthintela ukuqhuma kwayo ngaphambi kwexesha.
7. Propanoic acid. Ulwelo olungenambala, nolunokutsha kunye nevumba elirhabaxa, lulungele ukugcina ukutya, ukutya kunye neemveliso zamayeza, kuba sisithinteli esinamandla sokubola kunye nokukhusela ukungunda.
8. Isalfure kunye nezinye izinto. Ezi khompawundi zisebenza njenge-inhibitors ye-catalysis eyakhayo yeplatinum okanye i-nickel ekuphenduleni i-hydrogenation. Ukuvela kwesalfure kumisa isiphumo kwaye impendulo ibuyela kwisantya sayo esiqhelekileyo.
9. IHydrocyanic (okanye iprussic) acid. Ityhefu kakhulu, ifuthe layo kwizilwanyana okanye ebantwini liphazamisa inkqubo yee-metalloenzymes ezininzi, oko ke kuthintela ukuphefumla kweselula kwaye kubangele ukufa kwimizuzu embalwa.
10. Imercury, i-phosphorus, okanye umphunga we-arsenic. Ezi zinto zirhoxisa ngokupheleleyo isenzo seplatinum asbestos ekwenziweni kwesulfuric acid, esebenza njenge-inhibitor enamandla.