Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- yindumasi Libali elibalisayo eliyinxalenye yohlobo lwe-epic. I-Epics ijongana nezenzo ezenza isithethe sesizwe okanye inkcubeko. Njengokuba: I-Iliad, iOdyssey.
Ezi zibhalo zibonakaliswa ngokubonelela uluntu ngengxelo yemvelaphi yabo, kungoko ke lubandakanyiwe kumabali okusekwa.
Kumaxesha amandulo, la mabali ayesasazwa ngomlomo. I-Epic kaGilgamesh yeyokuqala ukuba neerekhodi ezibhaliweyo, kumacwecwe odongwe, avela kwinkulungwane yesibini ye-BC.
- Bona kwakho: Ingoma yezenzo
Iimpawu ze-epic
- Abalinganiswa abaphambili bala mabali ngabalinganiswa abanomoya wobuqhawe, abamele amaxabiso athandwayo ngabemi, kwaye amabali abo ahlala enezinto ezingaphezu kwendalo.
- Zivame ukuvela embindini wokuhamba okanye wemfazwe
- Zakhiwe kwiivesi ezinde (ngokubanzi iihexameter) okanye iprozi, kwaye umbalisi wazo uhlala esenza isenzo kwindawo ekude, efanelekileyo, apho amaqhawe kunye noothixo bahlala khona.
- Qaphela kwakhona: Imibongo yeLyric
Imizekelo ye-epic
- Umbongo kaGilgamesh
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi Umbongo kaGilgamesh, Eli bali lenziwe ngemibongo emihlanu ezimeleyo yamaSumeri kwaye libalisa ngezinto ezenziwa nguKumkani uGilgamesh. Kubagxeki, yinto yokuqala yokubhala ejongene nokufa kwabantu xa kuthelekiswa nokungafi koothixo. Ngapha koko, kulo msebenzi ibali lomkhukula wendalo iphela livela okokuqala.
Lo mbongo ubalisa ngobomi bokumkani wase-Uruk Gilgamesh owathi, ngenxa yenkanuko yakhe nokuphathwa gadalala kwabasetyhini, watyholwa ngabantu bakhe phambi koothixo. Ukuphendula la mabango, oothixo bathumela indoda yasendle egama linguEnkidu ukuba bajongane naye. Kodwa, ngokuchasene nokulindelweyo, aba babini bagqibela ngokuba ngabahlobo kwaye benza izinto ezikhohlakeleyo kunye.
Njengesohlwayo, oothixo babulala u-Enkidu, beshukumisela umhlobo wakhe ukuba enze iphulo lokungafi. Kolunye lohambo lwakhe, uGilgamesh wadibana nesilumko u-Utnapishtim kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, abanesipho esilangazelelwa ngukumkani wase-Uruk. Ukubuyela kumhlaba wakhe, uGilgamesh ulandela imiyalelo yesilumko kwaye ufumana isityalo esibuyisela ulutsha kwabo basityayo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokwenza oko, inyoka iyayiba.
Yiyo loo nto ukumkani ebuyela kwilizwe lakhe elambatha, enovelwano ngakumbi kubantu bakowabo emva kokubhubha komhlobo wakhe kunye nombono wokuba ukungafi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo koothixo.
- I-Iliad kunye neOdyssey
I-Iliad ngowona msebenzi mdala ubhaliweyo kuncwadi lwaseNtshona kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba yabhalwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-8 BC. C., kwi-Ionian Greece.
Lo mbhalo, obhekiswe kuHomer, ubalisa uthotho lweziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha leMfazwe yeTrojan, apho amaGrike angqinga esi sixeko emva kokubanjwa kukaHelen omhle. Idabi liphela liyimpikiswano yendalo iphela, apho noothixo babandakanyeka.
Isicatshulwa sibalisa ingqumbo ka-Achilles, igorha elingumGrike oziva ekhubekisiwe ngumphathi wakhe, u-Agamemnon, kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba awushiye umlo. Emva kokuhamba kwabo, amaTrojans akhokela idabi. Phakathi kwezinye izehlo, iqhawe leTrojan uHector libangela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe phantse zonke iinqanawa zamaGrike.
Ngelixa u-Achilles engekho kwimbambano, ukufa komhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, uPatroclus, kuyenzeka, ke iqhawe ligqibe kwelokuba libuyele emfazweni kwaye ke likwazi ukuguqula ikamva lamaGrike.
I-Odyssey yenye ye-epic ekwabizwa ngokuba nguHomer. Isixelela ngokoyiswa kweTroy ngamaGrike nobuqhetseba bukaOdysseus (okanye u-Ulysses) kunye nehashe elenziwe ngomthi akhohlisa ngalo amaTrojans ukuba angene edolophini. Lo msebenzi uxela ukubuya kwe-Ulysses ekhaya, emva kokulwa emfazweni iminyaka elishumi. Ukubuyela kwakhe kwisiqithi saseIthaca, apho wayephethe khona isihloko sobukumkani, kuthatha enye iminyaka elishumi.
- UmNyazi
Imvelaphi yaseRoma, UmNyazi Yabhalwa nguPublio Virgilio Marón (owaziwa ngcono njengeVirgilio) kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC. C., eyalelwa nguMlawuli uAgasto. Injongo yalo mlawuli yayikukubhala umsebenzi owawuza kunika imvelaphi yentsomi kubukhosi obuqala ngorhulumente wakhe.
UVirgil uthatha njengesiqalo iMfazwe yeTrojan kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwayo, esele ibalisiwe nguHomer, kwaye wayibhala kwakhona, kodwa wongeza imbali yokusekwa kweRoma apho wongeza khona ukuchukumisa kweentsomi zamaGrike.
Isalathiso sale ngqungquthela sigxile kuhambo luka-Aeneas kunye neTrojans ukuya e-Itali kunye nemizabalazo kunye noloyiso olulandelayo de bafike kwilizwe lesithembiso: Lazio.
Umsebenzi wenziwe ngeencwadi ezilishumi elinambini. Ezintandathu zokuqala zixelela ngohambo luka-Aeneas oluya e-Italiya, ngelixa icala lesibini ligxile kukoyisa okwenzeka e-Itali.
- Ingoma kaMío Cid
Ingoma kaMío Cid Ngumsebenzi wokuqala ophambili kuncwadi lwaseSpain olubhalwe ngolwimi lwaseRoma. Nangona ithathwa njengegama elingaziwayo, iingcali ezikhoyo ngoku zibonisa ukuba zabhalwa nguPer Abbat, nangona abanye becinga ukuba yayingumntu okopa nje. Kuqikelelwa ukuba Ingoma kaMío Cid Kwabhalwa ngexesha le-1200 yokuqala.
Umsebenzi ubalisa, ngenkululeko ethile kwicala lombhali, imisebenzi yobuqhawe yeminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bobukrelekrele bukaCastilla Rodrigo Díaz, owaziwa ngokuba yiCampeador, ukusukela ekuthinjweni kwakhe okokuqala (ngo-1081) de kwasekufeni kwakhe (ngo-1099 ).
Isicatshulwa, esineendinyana ezingama-3 735 zobude obahlukeneyo, sijongana nemixholo emibini ephambili. Kwelinye icala, ukugxothwa kunye nento ekufuneka yenziwe nguMamphathi ukuze afezekise uxolelo lokwenyani kwaye abuye abuye nenqanaba lentlalontle. Kwelinye icala, iwonga le-Cid kunye nosapho lwayo, lwandiswa ekugqibeleni ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba iintombi zakhe zitshate iinkosana zaseNavarra naseAragon.
- Qhubeka ne: Iindidi zoncwadi
