Umxholo
Yaziwa njenge Umzekeliso kumbutho wobukrelekrele kunye nenkcubeko owazalelwa eYurophu phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, ikakhulu eFrance, eJamani naseNgilani, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kwade kwayinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.
Igama lakhe livela kwinkolo yakhe kwisizathu kunye nenkqubela phambili njengemikhosi ekhanyayo yobomi bomntu. Ngesi sizathu, inkulungwane ye-18, apho yayinentyatyambo yayo yokwenyani, yaziwa ngokuba yi "Age of Enlightenment".
Isiseko sokuqala sokhanyiso sibambe ukuba izizathu zomntu zazinako ukulwa ubumnyama bokungazi, iinkolelo nobuzwilakhe, ukuze akhe ilizwe elingcono. Lo moya wenza uphawu kwezopolitiko zaseYurophu, isayensi, ezoqoqosho, ubugcisa kunye noluntu lwelo xesha, lwenza indlela yalo phakathi koohlohlesakhe kunye neeristocracy.
Inkqubo ye- Uvukelo lwaseFranceNgale ndlela, iya kuthi ibonakalise uphawu oluyingxaki kule ndlela intsha yokucinga, kuba xa babususayo ubukhosi obungenakukhanyelwa nabo benza njalo ukusuka kumgaqo wobukhosi, apho iNkolo kunye neCawa badlala indima ephambili.
Izimvo zoKhanyiso
Izimvo zolu hlobo zinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo:
- I-Anthropocentrism. Njengasekuzalweni ngokutsha, ingqalelo yehlabathi ijolise emntwini kunakuThixo. Umntu uthathelwa ingqalelo, ukuqiqa kunye nokucingisisa, njengomququzeleli wekamva lakhe, eliguqulela kulungelelwaniso lwasemhlabeni, apho umntu akwaziyo ukufunda okuyimfuneko ukuze aphile ngcono. Yazalwa ke imbono yenkqubela phambili.
- Ukuhlengahlengiswa. Yonke into iqondwa ngokuhluzwa kwesizathu sabantu kunye namava ehlabathi elinengqiqo, ukuhambisa iinkolelo, inkolo kunye nenkalo yeemvakalelo zengqondo yengqondo kwindawo emnyama neyoyikekayo. Inkolo yokuhlengahlengiswa ayikhangeleki kakuhle kulungelelwaniso, i-asymmetric okanye i-disproportionate.
- Ukugxininisa. Ukhanyiso lwenza uhlaziyo kunye nokutolikwa kwakhona kwexesha elidlulileyo, elakhokelela kwinguqulelo ethile yezopolitiko neyentlalo, eya kuthi ikhokelele kwiminqweno ye-utopias yezopolitiko. Kule meko, imisebenzi kaRousseau naseMontesquieu iya kuba yeyona nto iphambili kulwakhiwo lwethiyori loluntu olulinganayo nolwabazalwana.
- IPragmatism. Ikhrayitheriya ethile yokusebenziseka inyanzeliswa kwingcinga, apho kuthi kuthobele umsebenzi wotshintsho kuluntu. Kungenxa yoko le nto iintlobo ezithile zoncwadi ezinje ngenoveli zingena kwingxaki kunye nesincoko, kufakwa iinoveli kunye neesatires, ii-comedies okanye ii-encyclopedia.
- Ukuxelisa. Ukukholelwa kwisizathu nohlalutyo kuhlala kusikhokelela ekubeni sicinge ngokwendalo njengesiphene (ngakumbi kwi-neoclassicism yaseFrance, ethintela kakhulu) kwaye sicinge ukuba imisebenzi yobugcisa ingafunyanwa ngokuncipha nangokuvelisa kwakhona iresiphi yayo. Kule panorama yobuhle, incasa elungileyo iyalawula kwaye imbi, eyothusayo okanye engafezekanga iyaliwa.
- Iingcamango. Ubungangamsha obuthile kule modeli yokucinga buyayilahla into engcolileyo, njengendawo yokubalekela iinkolelo, isimilo esimiselweyo kunye nokuziphatha okungafanelekanga. Kwimicimbi yolwimi, intetho enenkcubeko inelungelo, ukucoceka kuyenziwa kwaye kwimicimbi yezobugcisa "ayithandeki" izifundo ezinje ngokuzibulala okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho ziyaliwa.
- Indalo iphela. Ngokuchasene neenqobo zesizwe nezesiko ezathi kamva zaphakanyiswa iRomanticism, i-Enlightenment yazibonakalisa iyinxalenye yabantu kwaye ithatha ubudlelwane obunxulumene nenkcubeko. Iincwadi zokuhamba zamkelekile, kwaye izinto ezingaqhelekanga njengomthombo woluntu kunye neyonke. Kungoko isithethe samaGrike namaRoma sinyanzeliswa, siyithatha njengeyona "igqwesileyo" kwezikhoyo.
Ukubaluleka kokuKhanya
Ukukhanyiselwa kwakuyintshukumo yokuthatha isigqibo kwimbali yeengcinga zaseNtshona, ukusukela oko yaphulwe ngemigaqo yesiko eyenziweyo ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi, Ngenxa yoko inkolo, ubukhosi obunobukumkani kunye noKholo ngenxa yesayensi, idemokhrasi yongxowankulu kunye nenkolo kunye nokunyaniseka (amandla adlula kwiimeko zoluntu).
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wabeka iziseko zeli hlabathi kunye nokuvela kwale mihla. Inzululwazi njengentetho elawulayo yehlabathi, kunye nokuqokelelwa kolwazi, zaba ngamaxabiso abalulekileyo, njengoko kungqinwa kukuvela kwe Intyilalwazi, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwimicimbi ye-physics, i-optics kunye ne-mathematics, okanye ukuvela kubuGcisa obuhle be-Greco-Roman Neoclassicism.
Ngokudabukisayo, ezi ziseko zabangela ukubonakala kamva kwe-Romanticism yaseJamani, eyayichasene nemvakalelo engalawulekiyo yombongi kwimodeli yokuqiqa njengexabiso eliphakamileyo lomntu kunye nobugcisa.
Okwesibini, Ukhanyiso luthe lwabona ukunyuka koohlohlesakhe njengodidi olutsha lwentlalo oluza kubakho, oluza kugqitywa kule nkulungwane izayo, lubeke abantu abasebukhosini kwindima yesibini.. Ndiyabulela koku, iqala ukuthetha ngemigaqo-siseko kunye neLiberalism, kwaye kamva iSivumelwano seNtlalontle (kwisenzi sikaJean Jacques Rousseau), Utopian Socialism, kunye noqoqosho lwezopolitiko, esandleni sika-Adam Smith kwaye isicatshulwa sakhe siza kuvela. Ubutyebi beZizwe (1776).
Ibalazwe lehlabathi liba yinjongo ebalulekileyo, kuba ihlabathi elimnyama nelifihlakeleyo lenkolo yamaxesha aphakathi liba lilizwe elaziwayo nelanga lokuqiqa. Ukwengeza, amalinge okuqala kwezococeko nophuhliso lonyango kungenxa yokucinga okukhanyisiweyo Njengentetho yokubaluleka kwentlalo.
