Umxholo
Kukho intetho malunga iintlekele zemvelo ukubhekisa ku iziganeko ezihlasimlis 'umzimba ezibalasele kakhulu kuluntu, Iimpembelelo zayo zinxulunyaniswe nezinto zendalo kunye nezo zithathwe kwimisebenzi ethile yoluntu, enje nge ungcoliseko olukhulu lwamashishini.
Ixabiso leentlekele zendalo zihlala zibandakanya ilahleko ezininzi zobomi, ezabantu nezilwanyana, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwendalo iphela okanye iindawo ezihlala abantu zalo naluphi na uhlobo. Ngaloo ndlela iziganeko zendaloZiziganeko ezizimeleyo zendalo, ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi kubomi babantu, kwiintlekele ngokwazo.
Ngokubanzi, iintlekele zendalo zinokuhlelwa ngokwendlela yomngcipheko ezibandakanya zona, ezizezi:
- Ukuhamba ngobuninzi. Babandakanya isixa esikhulu somhlaba ekuhambeni ngokukhululekileyo.
- Iziganeko zomoya. Zinento yokwenza nokusingqongileyo kunye / okanye iimeko zemozulu, ngenxa yoko zihlala ziqhelekile okanye zizinto zesiko, zithathwa ngaphandle kokugqitha.
- Iziganeko zeTectonic. Ikhutshiwe ekuhambeni nasekuhlelweni kwakhona kwamacwecwe eteknoloji, okanye ukushukuxa kwemichiza okwenzeka kumhlaba ongaphantsi.
- Ungcoliseko. Ziqukethe ukusasazeka kwezinto ezinobuthi okanye ezibulalayo kwindawo ethile, ngaphandle kokuqulethwe lula. Nokuba ngaba zizinto zebhayoloji, zemichiza okanye zeshishini. (Bona: Ungcoliseko lwe Amanzi, umhlaba, umoya)
- Iziganeko zesithuba. Ukuza ngaphandle kweplanethi okanye ukubandakanya imikhosi yeenkwenkwezi.
- Imililo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kobomi bezityalo okanye iindawo ezisezidolophini phantsi komlilo.
- Iintlekele zemilambo. Zichaphazela ubuninzi bamanzi emhlabeni, njengolwandle, amachibi okanye imilambo. Zingaba ziziphumo zemozulu: izikhukula ezibangelwa ziimvula ezinkulu.
Bona kwakho: Izinto ezingcolisa umhlaba, Ungcoliseko lomoya
Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeZenzeko zeNdalo
Imizekelo yeentlekele zendalo
Iimpembelelo zeMeteor. Ngethamsanqa, aziqhelekanga ekuweni kwezinto ezinkulu ezisuka emajukujukwini, iimpembelelo zazo ngokuchasene nomphezulu womhlaba ezinokubangela ukunqunyanyiswa kwamafu amakhulu emeko esemoyeni kunye nezinye izinto ezonakalisayo ezikhokelela ekuphelisweni kobuninzi. Enye yeengcamango ezamkelekileyo malunga nokuphela kweedinosaurs (kunye neepesenti ezingama-75 zobomi emhlabeni) kwiminyaka engama-65 yezigidi eyadlulayo, ityhola impembelelo yemeteorite eYucatan, eMexico.
Iindumasi okanye izandyondyo zemvula, ephawulwa kukushenxiswa ngesiquphe kwezinto ezinkulu, phantsi kwethambeka lentaba. Izinto ezinjalo zinokuba likhephu, umkhenkce, amatye, udaka, uthuli, imithi, okanye umxube woku. Esinye sezona ziqwenga zomhlaba zabulala abantu eRashiya ngoSeptemba 20, 2002, xa inyibilika yomkhenkce yanyibilika kwiNorth Ossetian idolophu yaseNinji Karmadon, yabulala abantu abali-127.
Izaqhwithi, iinkanyamba okanye iinkanyambaZiinkqubo ezijikelezayo zomoya ovuthuzayo ezenzeka elwandle kwaye zinokujikeleza ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezili-110 ngeyure, zihambisa amafu emvula amakhulu kwaye zibeke yonke into esemendweni wazo kumandla omoya wazo. Esona sitshingitshane sitshabalalisayo ngekhulu lama-20 yiNkanyamba uSandy, eyachaphazela iBahamas kunye nonxweme olusemazantsi e-US ngo-2005, ishiya umkhondo wentshabalalo kunye nezikhukula emva koko zabulala abantu abayi-1,833 ubuncinci.
Imililo emikhulu. Nokuba kuveliswe ngesandla somntu okanye ngenxa yezinye iingozi kunye noqhushumbo, isenzo esingalawulekiyo somlilo kwindalo okanye kwimimandla yasezidolophini ihlala iyenye yezona zintlekele. Idolophu yaseLondon, umzekelo, yafumana umlilo omkhulu ngo-1666 owathatha iintsuku ezintathu ezipheleleyo kwaye watshabalalisa umbindi wesixeko, washiya abantu abangama-80,000 bengenamakhaya.
Iinyikima neenyikima. Imveliso yokuhamba koqweqwe lomhlaba, zihlala zingalindelekanga kwaye ziyatshabalalisa, ngakumbi kuba zinokubangela ugqabhuko-dubulo okanye iitsunami xa zigqibile. Inyikima eyayilinganisa i-7.0 kwisikali sikaRichter yenzeka eHaiti ngo-2010, neziphumo zoko kwisizwe esele sihlwempuzekile, kunye netsunami eyalandelayo, zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-300,000.
Ungcoliseko lwemitha, Ngokusasaza izinto ezingazinzanga zeatom, eyona meko yayo ikukukhupha amasuntswana ayityhefu kwindalo esingqongileyo, ebangela ukonakala kwangoko, ukugula kunye nomonakalo wexesha elide kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi ezingqongileyo. Ingozi eyenzeka kwi-reactor yenyukliya eChernobyl kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union, yeyona ngozi imbi kwimbali yenyukliya, idumile. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abangama-600,000 bafumana iidosi ezibulalayo zemitha, i-5 yezigidi yayihlala kwiindawo ezingcolisekileyo kunye ne-400,000 kwiindawo ezingasenakuhlalwa.
Izikhukula, zihlala ziyimveliso yamaxesha amade emvula kwimihlaba engafumani manzi kakuhle (njengomhlaba ogawulwe ngamahlathi), ziingqokelela zamanzi kumthamo ongalawulekiyo, ukuntywilisela izityalo, iidolophana kunye nokubangela ezinye iintlobo zeentlekele ze-fluvial. Umkhukula omkhulu owahlupheka eArgentina ngabemi basePergamo, kwiphondo laseBuenos Aires ngo-Epreli 1995, banyanzelisa ukukhutshwa kwabantu abangaphezulu kwama-13,000.
Iinkanyamba, njengalezo zidla ngokwenzeka kumazantsi e-United States, ziyimveliso yongquzulwano lwemingxunya yomoya emibini yamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, enziwe sisiphango esinokuthi sijikelezisane ngesantya esikhulu, sonakalisa yonke into esendleleni. Okona kukhawulezayo kwimbali (ngaphezulu kwe-500kmph) kwabhalwa eMoren, e-Oklahoma, ngo-1999.
Unokuba nomdla kwi: Imizekelo yeeNgxaki zeNdalo esingqongileyo
Ubhubhane, okanye uqhambuko lwezixhobo ezinesifo esosulelayo ezisinda kulo naluphi na uhlobo lokuvalelwa lodwa okanye lolawulo, lunokugqiba bonke abantu ukuba akukho nkxaso yenzululwazi ifanelekileyo. Injalo imeko yobhubhane we-Ebola kwintshona ye-Afrika phakathi kwe-2014 kunye ne-2016, esele ibhalansi ngokusesikweni ngabantu abayi-11,323.
Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, apho izinto zeekhemikhali ezifumaneka phantsi koqweqwe lomhlaba zifumana iintanda okanye iintanda zokubaleka, ukulahla iigesi, uthuthu kunye nokubila udaka olujikelezileyo. Kubekho ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo eyothusayo kwimbali, efana neVesuvius, intaba-mlilo eyathi ngo-79 AD. yangcwaba ngokupheleleyo isixeko samandulo saseRoma iPompeii, kwindawo ngoku eyiBay yaseNaples.
Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe?
- Imizekelo yeentlekele zeteknoloji
- Imizekelo yeentlekele ezenziwe ngabantu
- Imizekelo yeengxaki zezeNdalo
