10 imizekelo yoBukumkani Plantae - I-Encyclopedia

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Imizekelo yoBukumkani Plantae
Ukwahlulahlula

zikhona izikumkani ezintlanu Kwimvelo. Ubukumkani ziindlela zokwahlula izinto eziphilayo ngokusekwe kwiimpawu ezithile abanazo ngokufanayo. Olu luhlu luyanceda ukuqonda ubudlelwane obusekwa zizinto eziphilayo kunye nomnye, kodwa kunye nokuqaqambisa ubume bohlobo ngalunye ngaphakathi kobukumkani babo.

Ubukumkani luhlelo ngokubanzi. Ngaphaya koko, uhlobo ngalunye lwahlulwe lwaba yifylum (okanye ukwahlulwa), udidi, ucwangco, usapho, kunye nodidi lokugqibela. Inkqubo ye- iintlobo Zizinto ezisisiseko zohlelo lokwebhayoloji, oko kukuthi, ubuncinci beyunithi yokuhlelwa.

Isibakala sokuba ubukumkani lolunye lolwahlulo olubanzi (lusezantsi kunemimandla emi-3 kuphela), kuthetha ukuba ngaphakathi kwesizinda ngasinye kukho inani elikhulu nezahluka-hlukeneyo zeentlobo ezineempawu ezimbalwa ezifanayo, nangona kunjalo zahlulahlula iintlobo kwezinye izikumkani.

Ngaphandle koBukumkani iPlantae, obunye ubukumkani bendalo zezi:

Izilwanyana (ekwabizwa ngokuba buBukumkani bezilwanyana): Zizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, Oko kukuthi, zineeseli ezinenucleus eyahlukileyo. Banako ukuhamba ngokuzithandela. Iiseli zazo azinalo udonga lweseli. Ziyi-heterotrophs, oko kukuthi, zisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezivela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Ngunda (ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumngundo): Zizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic kodwa azinakho ukuhamba. Zineendonga zeseli ezenziwe ikakhulu nge-chitin.
Ukukhusela: Izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic ezingenakubekwa nakweziphi na ezinye izikumkani ezintathu ze-eukaryotic (isikhunta, isilwanyana kunye nesityalo).
IMoneraUbukumkani bezinto zeprokaryotic, oko kukuthi, iiseli zazo azinayo i-nucleus eyahlukileyo kodwa izinto zemfuza zisimahla kwisytoplasm.

Obu bukumkani bukwabizwa ngokuba buBukumkani beZityalo. Iimpawu zabo zezi:

Iiseli zeEukaryoticIzityalo zizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, oko kukuthi, zineeseli ezinenucleus eyahlukileyo eyahlulwe kwisytoplasm ngenwebu.
UkufuduswaIzityalo azinakho ukuhamba ngokuzithandela.
Ukuzimela: Isidalwa esine-autotrophic sisodwa esingafunekiyo ngezinto eziphilayo ukuze siphile. Ngamanye amagama, ivelisa ukutya kwayo kwizinto ezingaphiliyo. Izityalo zahlukile kwezinye izinto ezizenzekelayo (ezinjengeebacteria ezithile) ngenkqubo ezenza ngayo izinto eziphilayo: ifotosinthesisi. Ngamanye amagama, zonke iintlobo ngaphakathi kobukumkani bezityalo ziyi-photosynthetic.
Iindonga zeseliIiseli zezi zinto ziphilayo zibonakaliswa ngokuba nodonga lweseli. Bahlukile kwifungi (ezinesakhiwo esifanayo kwiiseli zazo) kuba kwizityalo iindonga zeseli ziqulathe i-cellulose endaweni ye-chitin. Nangona eminye imizekelo enqabileyo ye-unicellular algae iswele udonga lweseli, isathathelwa ingqalelo njengezityalo kuba zinama-chloroplast.
Imulticellular okanye unicellular: Kukho iyantlukwano ngokubhekisele kukwahlulwa kobukumkani bezityalo kulo mba. Olunye udidi lwamva nje lubandakanya ii-unicellular organisation (glaucophytes) ngelixa olunye ulwahlulo ngokwesiqhelo luthatha izityalo njengezinto ezininzi eziphilayo.
Ukuzaliswa: Ukuzaliswa kwezityalo kwahluka kakhulu, kuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi nge ukuveliswa kwakhona kwe-asexualNjengeentlobo ezinokuveliswa ngokwesondo, oko kukuthi, iigetet, ii-zygotes kunye ne-spores ziyabandakanyeka.

Imizekelo yoBukumkani Plantae

IBraunia imberbisUhlobo lwe-moss (isityalo esingeyo-vascular land) kunye neziqu ukuya kuma-4 cm. Inombala oluhlaza-oluhlaza. Ikhula ematyeni.
CyanidioschyzonI-Alga cyanidiophytina, i-unicellular, ye-algae ebomvu. Ayinalo udonga lweseli kwaye ke ngoko inemilo erhangqiweyo.
Ifern Royal (osmunda regalis): Isityalo sendalo saseYurophu, eAsia, eAfrika naseMelika. Ikhula kumgxobhozo. Yeyesityalo somhlaba semithambo esingenambewu.
Magnolia: Imithi engapheliyo eneentyatyambo ezimhlophe ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa. Iintlobo zeDicotyledonous.
Sago palm (ICycas revoluta), ekwabizwa ngokuba yicica, isundu lecawa okanye umthi wesundu wobuxoki. Ivela eJapan. Ijongeka ifana kakhulu nomthi wesundu, njengazo zonke ii-cycads (uhlobo oluthile lwejimnosperm).
Icembra ipayini (I-Pinus cembra): Umthi ukuya kuma-25 cm ubude kunye neenaliti (amagqabi afana nenaliti) eqokelelwe ngesihlanu. Yindawo yokwenza umthambo.
Isityalo sebhanana (Musaceae): Inamagqabi amakhulu akhula ejikelezayo esiqwini. Zineentyatyambo ezineetape ezintlanu. Isityalo esine-monocotyledonous.
Ivatala yekhephu (Igama lezesayensi: chlamydomona): Unicellular algae eluhlaza ehlala kwimithambeka yekhephu.
Yew imithi (taxus): Umthi weConiferous. Ikhula kwiindawo ezinentaba kunye nokufuma. Unokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-20 ukuphakama. Njengoko iyijimnosperm, ayinasiqhamo kodwa ine-aril: isigqubuthelo esiyinyama sembewu.
ITulipIsityalo esingapheliyo kunye ne-bulbous. Isityalo seMonocotyledonous.

Ulwahlulo oluchazwe ngezantsi luhlelo lwendabuko. Kukho udidi lwe-phylogenetic olubandakanya ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingathathelwa ngqalelo, kodwa ezinee-chloroplast.

Ukwahlulahlula

Ulwelwe

Zizityalo ezihlala kwindawo ezihlala emanzini. Kusenokwenzeka unicellular okanye ezininzi.

Ubomvu obomvuIkwabizwa ngokuba yi-rhodófitas. Ngaphandle kokuqulatha iklorofili, evumela ifotosinthesisi, zibonakaliswa ngombala wazo obomvu ngenxa yeebala ezenziwe ngombala oluhlaza weklorofili.
- ICyanidiophytina: I-algae ye-Unicellular ethi ngokokuhlelwa okuthile kuthathwa njengabaphembeleli. Bahlala emithonjeni eshushu, i-calderas yentaba-mlilo kunye nezinye iindawo ezineasidi. Banokuxhathisa kakhulu kwizinyithi ezinetyhefu, okt zizinto ze-extremophilic (izinto ezinako ukuhlala kwiimeko ezibi).
- Rhodophytina: Ziyi-algae ebomvu ngokwazo. Umbala wayo ubangelwa yiphycoerythrin. Uninzi lwazo lulwandle. Bahlala emanzini angenzulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 yeemitha ubunzulu kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukuya kwi-250 yeemitha. Kungenxa yokuba bafuna ukukhanya kwi-photosynthesize.
I-algae eluhlazaZezona ntlobo zihambelana kakhulu nezityalo zasemhlabeni. Ubuncinane iintlobo ezili-10 000 ziye zafunyanwa. Bahlala emanzini acocekileyo kunye netyuwa.
- I-Chlorophyta: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-chlorophytes. Nangona uninzi lwazo lunamanzi, kukho iintlobo ezihambelana nendawo ezibandayo. Kweli qela kukho ulwelwe olunxulumene ngokuhambelana kunye nefungi ukwenza i-lichen.
- I-Charophyta: Ikwabizwa ngokuba zii-carophytes. Ezinye iintlobo zihamba ngombulelo oshukumayo kwiiseli ze-flagellate. Kwezinye iintlobo, iiseli ze-flagellate ziyabandakanyeka ekuveliseni ngokwesondo.

Izityalo ezisemhlabeni

Zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-embryophytes (embryophyta). Yinzala yeentlobo ezithile zobulembu obuluhlaza kodwa zahlukile kuzo kuba ziyakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ngamanye amagama, ziintlobo ezahlula umhlaba.

Izityalo ezisemhlabeni zibonakaliswa ngokuhamba kwinqanaba lesibeleko, yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba zii-embryophytes. Lo ngumahluko kubo bonke ubulembu, ngokubanzi ngakumbi kunokulungiswa kwimeko-bume yomhlaba, kuba kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa zealgae ezihlala ngaphandle kwamanzi.

Ii-Embryophytes zikwanazo nezakhiwo ezininzi zeselfowni kwi-sporophyte, i-gametophyte, i-cuticle, kunye ne-spores eshinyeneyo.

Izityalo zomhlaba ezingezizo ezomthamboIkwabizwa ngokuba yi-bryophytes. Azinazo iinqanawa zokuhambisa (i-xylem okanye i-phloem), azinazingcambu, isiqu okanye amagqabi ngokwawo. Nangona zifunyenwe phakathi kwezityalo ezisemhlabeni, ezinye iintlobo zasemanzini. Ngenxa yokungabikho kweengcambu, banakho ukubambelela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye bakhule kwiindawo ezimnyama, apho banokufumana khona ukufuma okusingqongileyo.
Izityalo zemithambo ezingenambewuIkwabizwa ngokuba zii-pteridophytes (pteridophyta) okanye ii-ferns kunye nezinye. Ziyi-tracheophytes, oko kukuthi, izityalo ezitshintsha i-gametophytic kunye nolunye uhlobo lwesporophytic. Izityalo zinesiqu esinesiqu (apho iingcambu zikhula khona kamva) kwaye ngale ndlela isityalo sinokuvelisa kwakhona.
Izityalo zemithamboIkwabizwa ngokuba yi-spermatophytes okanye i-phanerogams (spermatophyta).

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