Imizekelo yeZicelo zePetroleum - I-Encyclopedia

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Ulwahlulo lweoyile
Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwepetroleum

Inkqubo ye- Ioyile yi umxubeinzima,eshinyeneyo kunye bituminousyeehydrocarbon, Yenziwa ngenxa yenkunkuma kunye notshintsho lwakudala izinto eziphilayo, ibiphantsi kweenkulungwane kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu kumhlaba ongaphantsi. Iindawo apho ioyile eqokelelweyo ifumaneka khona yaziwa njengemihlaba yeoyile.

Imalunga ne into enokutsha enomthamo ophezulu wekhalori kunye nokusetyenziswa okuninzi kwemizi-mveliso, ngakumbi ukuveliswa kwamandla kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa. Le nkqubo yokuguqula i-oli ekrwada iye kwezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa yaziwa njenge ukucokiswa yenzeka kumatshini wokucoca.

Ukubaluleka kweoli kuthengiso kukhulu kangangokuba kwihlabathi langoku Ukuhla kwamaxabiso kwi-crude kuyabuchaphazela uqoqosho luphela kunye nokuthambekisa imali eseleyo kwihlabathi ngandlela-thile..

Kuba yi ubutyebi bendalo obungenakuhlaziywa, Oovimba beoyile behlabathi baqikelelwa kwizigidi ezili-143,000 zeetoni, ezasasazwa ngokungalinganiyo kumazwekazi amahlanu: IVenezuela inezona ndawo zigcinwayo zininzi emhlabeni, ngakumbi phantsi komfula i-Orinoco kunye naphantsi kweLake Maracaibo; I-Middle East ikwindawo yesibini ize iMexico, Canada, Argentina kunye neBrazil zibe kwindawo yesithathu.

Inkqubo ye- Ioyile, ecaleni kwe Amalahle kwaye ezinye iihydrocarbon ezifanayo zenza oko kubizwa ngokuba ifosili yeefuweli.

Ulwahlulo lweoyile

Iintlobo zeoyile ezikhoyo zikhona ngokubalaseleyo ngokwe-API yomxhuzulane okanye iidigri ze-API, umlinganiso woxinano xa kuthelekiswa namanzi. Zine iindidi zeoyile “ekrwada”, oko kukuthi, engachazwanga, ngokwale nqanaba:

Ukukhanya okanye ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Ine-31.1 ° kwisikali se-API okanye nangaphezulu.
Phakathi okanye ekrwada. Ine-22.3 kunye ne-31.1 ° API.
Ioyile eninzi. Umxhuzulane phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-22.3 ° API.
Olongezelelweyo krwada. Umxhuzulane ongaphantsi kwe-10 ° API.

A) Ewe, i-oyile iyeyeke, kokukhona kuya kuthabatha umgudu ongaphezulu wokukhupha kwaye ke ngoko okubiza kakhulu kuya kuba kukuveliswa kwemveliso ekrwada.

Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwepetroleum

Ukufumana ipetroli. Enye ye izibaso Elona bango liphezulu emhlabeni lipetroli kumanani octane ahlukeneyo, kuba yeyona nto inentsebenzo ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezinokutsha, nefuthe elamkelekileyo ekukhutshweni kwenkunkuma enetyhefu kunye neegesi ezinegalelo imo iyatshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimoto zangaphakathi zomlilo kukhulu kakhulu kumhlaba jikelele kangangokuba indalo kunye noqoqosho ezizezinye kwimfuno yepetroli sele zilandelwa.
Imveliso yeplastikhi. Iiplastiki zikhona Iipholima Iimveliso ezingezizo ezenziweyo ezifunyenwe kuthungelwano lweekhompawundi eziphilayo ezivela kwioyile, ngenxa yokuhlangana kwazo okulandelayo, ukubumba kunye nokupholisa, inkqubo ebanika uninzi lweemilo zabo ezinokubakho kunye nokuchasana kwabo okomso. Ziluncedo kakhulu kwaye zifunwa kwinani elingenasiphelo lemizi-mveliso, elenza kolu hlobo lwezinto ezivela kwizinto zokudlala, izikhongozeli, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo, ukuya kwiindawo zokufakelwa kwezonyango kunye nezinye izinto zoomatshini.
Ukuveliswa kombane. Ngenxa yobungakanani bayo obukhulu boku ukutshisa, Ioyile kunye nezinto ezininzi ezinokutsha ezisetyenziselwa ukondla ii-boiler zezityalo ezivelisa umbane. Kunye namalahle, iimpendulo zenyukliya kunye umbane wamanzi, ioyile iyinxalenye yemithombo yamandla ephambili, kuba ngombane uveliswe ngeendlela ezingapheliyo kwihlabathi zinokuxhotyiswa.
Ukufudumeza ekhaya. Nangona zikhona izixhobo zokufudumeza izithili ezisebenza enkosi ekusebenziseni umbane hayi izinto ezinokutsha, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane uninzi olunokuveliswa kobushushu xa kusitsha rhoqo, njengegesi (ikakhulu ibutane kunye nepropane efunyenwe ngexesha ulwelo lwepetroli). Eyokugqibela, ngelishwa, ikwabonelelwa ngeesilinda okanye imibhobho ukunika amandla amakhitshi kunye nezifudumezi zamanzi kumakhaya abantu.
Ukuveliswa kwenayiloni. Kuyinyani ukuba inayiloni yakha yaveliswa kwintlaka yendalo, kodwa namhlanje ilula kakhulu kwaye ayibizi kangako ukuyifumana kwi-benzene kunye nezinye iihydrocarbons ezinevumba elimnandi (ii-cyclohexanes) ezibangelwa kukucocwa kwepetroleum.
Imveliso yeAcetonekunye nephenol. Acetone kunye nabanye izinyibilikisi Okwangoku isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezicoci, izinto zokususa iinzipho kunye nezinye iimveliso zolu hlobo, zenziwe ngokulula kwii-hydrocarbon ezinamakha kwi-petroleum, ngakumbi i-cumene (isopropylbenzene). Ezi mveliso zikwasetyenziswa njengegalelo kushishino lwamayeza.
Ukufumana iparafini. Amafutha, abizwa ngokuba yi-kerosene okanye i-canfin, afunyanwa ngokuhluzwa kweoyile kwaye anesisindo esiphakathi phakathi kwepetroli nedizili. Isetyenziswa njengamafutha kwiinjini zerhasi nakwiinjini zejeti, ekulungiseleleni izinyibilikisi okanye ekufudumaleni. Ngaphambili yayinendawo ebalulekileyo ekuzalweni kwezibane zikawonke-wonke ezixekweni, ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe ngegesi nasemva kombane. Izibane zeparafini zisathengiswa.
Ukufumana i-asphalt. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yibhitumene, le nto incangathi, ine-viscous, nezinto ezingwevu ezikhokelela kwelona qhekeza linzima leoyile ekrwada. Oko kukuthi, yakuba i-oyile ichithwe kwaye i-fuels kunye nezinto ezinokusebenziseka zifunyenwe, okusalayo yi-asphalt. Ukunganyibiliki emanzini, isetyenziselwa ukugquma kwiindlela zokungena emanzini kwaye ibopha ekwakhiweni koohola bendlela, iindlela kunye neminye imisebenzi yeziseko zendlela.
Ukuveliswa kwetha. Itar yinto eshinyeneyo, emnyama, enefinyisi kunye nevumba elomeleleyo, imveliso yokuhluzwa kwezinto ezinjengamalahle, ezinye iinkuni ezinentlaka, izimbiwa kunye neoli. Ngumxube wezinto eziphilayo, okwahluka kwazo okufunyenwe kumalahle okanye kwioyile kuyityhefu kakhulu kwaye kubangela umdlavuza. Nangona kunjalo, inezicelo ezahlukeneyo zeshishini, iipeyinti, iiriniki zorhwebo, kunye nokuhluka kwayo okungabalulekanga kusetyenziswa kwimveliso yesepha kunye necuba.
Ukufumana ii-olefin ezikhanyayo. I-Ethylene, i-propylene kunye ne-butene ibizwa ngale ndlela, izinto ezifumanekayo ngexesha lokusulungekiswa kweoyile kwaye zibonelela ngegalelo elisisiseko kumashishini ngokungafaniyo namayeza, ukwenziwa kweevili zezithuthi, iiplastiki kunye nefayibha zokwenziwa zeshishini lempahla eyolukiweyo.
Ukuveliswa kwezichumisi. Uninzi lweemveliso zeshishini le-petrochemical zine-nitrogenous okanye i-sulphated compounds ethi, yongezwa emhlabeni, inike ubomi bezityalo ngamandla okondla okubalulekileyo. Ezi zichumisi zisetyenziswa kwezolimo nakwilingo lebhayoloji.
Ukuveliswa kwamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nokubulala ukhula. Amaqabane ezolimo kwezichumisi, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye namayeza okubulala ukhula ukulwa izinambuzane, isikhunta, amayeza okubola kunye neminye imiqobo kwimveliso yezolimo, ihlala ine-xylenes, i-ammonia kunye ne-amides, efunyanwa lishishini le-petrochemical ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokwahlukana iikhompawundi eziphilayo kunye nonyango lweekhemikhali.
Ukuveliswa kweoyile yokuthambisa. Kwibhombu nganye yeoyile ecokisekileyo, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-50% yenziwe ngeeparafini okanye i-naphthenic bases, oko kukuthi, ioyile eshinyeneyo yemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ezenza ioyile yezoqoqosho kunye nokufunwa ukuze isebenze ngokufanelekileyo koomatshini abohlukeneyo, njengeinjini zemoto, njengokuba. Ezi zithambiso zinokuba yiminerali (ngqo ipetroleum) okanye eyenziweyo (efumaneka elebhu, evela kwipetroleum okanye kwenye indawo).
Ukufumana izinto zelebhu. Izinto ezininzi ezivela kwimveliso yeoyile kumanqanaba ayo ahlukeneyo zisenokungasetyenziswa kwangoko, kodwa zisebenza njengegalelo kumsebenzi weelebhu zeekhemikhali zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ithuba lokufumana isalfure, hydrogen, nitrogen okanye abanye izinto zemichiza Izinto ezisisiseko kulandelelwano lonyango lwezi hydrocarbon, okanye ezinye izinto ezifana ne-ammonia okanye i-ether, zenza ioyile ibe ngumthombo ongapheliyo impahla engekasilwa.
Ukufumana idizili. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yidizili, okanye ngeyona ndlela idume ngayo: idizili, le oyile ilulwelo yenziwe phantse yonke iparafini kwaye inobuninzi obuphezulu nangona amandla ashushu kancinci kunepetroli. Ngenxa yolu xinano, idizili isebenza ngokukuko kwaye ingcolisa umoya kancinci kunale, kodwa isetyenziselwa phantse kuphela ukuthuthwa kwemithwalo kunye neenqanawa.